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Una aproximación al eco-exposoma en Lontra annectens: biomonitoreo no invasivo de contaminantes y mutagenicidad en los embalses Porce II y III (Antioquia, Colombia)
An eco-exposome approach in Lontra annectens: non-invasive biomonitoring of contaminants and mutagenicity in the Porce II and III reservoirs (Antioquia, Colombia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v28n1.125544Palabras clave:
Biomonitoreo no invasivo, Especie centinela, Genotoxicidad, Test de Ames, Salud ambiental. (es)Feces, Sentinel species, Ames test, Mercury, Environmental health (en)
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Los embalses Porce II y III (Antioquia, Colombia) presentan contaminación por actividades antropogénicas que deterioran la calidad hídrica y amenazan la biodiversidad. El presente estudio evaluó la exposición de la nutria neotropical (Lontra annectens) a contaminantes ambientales mediante el análisis de excretas como biomarcador no invasivo. Se recolectaron un total de 12 muestras durante marzo de 2022 y 2023 para cuantificar mercurio total (CV-AAS), microcistinas (ELISA) y evaluar la mutagenicidad mediante la prueba de Ames (cepas TA98 y YG1041). La concentración de mercurio total oscilo entre 65-378 μg/kg en Porce II y 150-265 μg/kg en Porce III. Las concentraciones medias de microcistinas fueron de 16,0 ± 12,0 μg/kg en Porce II y 30,4 ± 10,3 μg/kg en Porce III. Además, se detectó actividad mutagénica en el 83 % de las muestras analizadas, con mayor sensibilidad en la cepa YG1041 bajo activación metabólica. Se concluye que el análisis de matrices bióticas no invasivas puede ser un método eficaz para detectar señales tempranas de exposición y efecto de agentes genotóxicos en especies centinela. Aunque las concentraciones detectadas no superan los límites de riesgo inmediato establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), los procesos de bioacumulación y biomagnificación asociados al consumo de especies ícticas representan un riesgo potencial para la salud pública y ambiental. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de incorporar bioensayos de exposición y efecto en la normativa ambiental colombiana como herramienta complementaria para fortalecer las estrategias de conservación, monitoreo y gestión de los ecosistemas acuáticos.
The Porce II and III reservoirs (Antioquia, Colombia) are affected by contamination from anthropogenic activities, which deteriorate water quality and threaten biodiversity. This study evaluated the exposure of the neotropical otter (Lontra annectens) to environmental contaminants through the analysis of feces as a non-invasive biomarker. A total of 12 samples were collected during March 2022 and 2023 to quantify total mercury (CV-AAS) and microcystins (ELISA), and to assess mutagenicity using the Ames test (strains TA98 and YG1041). Total mercury concentrations ranged from 65–378 μg/kg in Porce II and 150–265 μg/kg in Porce III, while mean microcystin concentrations were 16.0 ± 12.0 μg/kg in Porce II and 30.4 ± 10.3 μg/kg in Porce III. Additionally, mutagenic activity was detected in 83% of the samples analyzed, with greater sensitivity observed in strain YG1041 under metabolic activation conditions. These findings suggest that the analysis of non-invasive biotic matrices constitutes an effective approach for detecting early signals of exposure and genotoxic effects in sentinel species. Although the detected concentrations did not exceed the immediate risk thresholds established by the World Health Organization (WHO), bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes associated with the consumption of fish species may represent a potential long-term risk to environmental and public health. Overall, these results highlight the importance of incorporating exposure and effect bioassays into Colombian environmental regulations as complementary tools to strengthen conservation, monitoring, and management strategies for aquatic ecosystems.
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