Chorological and nomenclatural notes on Peruvian Carex (Cyperaceae) del Perú

Here we present relevant records of nine species of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae) new for Peru: C. amicta , C. brehmeri , C. camptoglochin , C. enneastachya , C. livida , C. maritima , C. ownbeyi , C. ruthsatzae and C. vallis-pulchrae . We perform the lectotypification of the names Carex camptoglochin , C. amicta and C. confertospicata


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Notes: Carex amicta is an Andean endemic species previously known from Venezuela to Ecuador. Here we cite it for the first time for the department of Cajamarca in Peru, which becomes the southernmost limit of the species range. The dwarf Carex amicta, a species that dwell in páramos, is an atypical member of the formerly recognized subgenus Vigneastra (now known to be nested within subgenus Carex; Global Carex Group (2016) and references therein), mainly constituted by large species from tropical humid forests with open panicle-like inflorescences and fertile cladoprophylls.
We conclude that the type locality of this species, Páramo de Cuchero, belongs to some place in Colombia following Ewan (1948) whom describes the travel itinerary of Purdie between 1845 and 1846 indicating that he visited the northern part of the country with no reference to Venezuela or Ecuador or any other place south to Bogotá. This locality is listed as Colombia, Santander by the Missouri Botanical Garden database (Magill et al. c2019) without any further information and does not appear in the official colombian gazeteer (IGAC 1996). Notes: Specimens cited here, belonging to section Phacocystis, are dwarf sedges with stems much shorter than the leaves. Carex sect. Phacocystis was previously unrecorded from Peru and has a quite confusing taxonomy in South America that has often led to wrong taxonomic determinations and misapplication of names, e.g. see the cases of C. azuayae Steyerm. and C. enneastachya C.B. Clarke in South America and with a few disjunct species in New Zealand (Global Carex Group 2016). Notes: Carex enneastachya is another species of the section Phacocystis new for the Peruvian flora. Its presence in Peru has geographical sense since this species had already been recorded in Ecuador and Bolivia (Govaerts et al. c2019). In contrast with the materials that we cited above under C. brehmeri, these specimens are tall plants with elongated stems and several cylindrical spikes, and therefore easily identified as C. enneastachya.  Wheeler (1998), and C. decidua Boott and C. brehmeri in Dragon and Barrington (2009). While more biosystematic data is available, we consider that the application of the name C. brehmeri to these dwarf plants is the best possible solution (see also the record of C. brehmeri in

Carex brehmeri
There is a discrepancy between the altitude indicated in the protologue ("3100") by Boeckeler (1896) and that provided on the type collection labels ("3200"). Beyond that, the specimens selected as types are certainly original materials of C. brehmeri. Notes: A mainly circumboreal species showing a striking trans-Caribbean disjunction, being present in the mountains of Panama and northern South America. This remarkable disjunction pattern is shared with four other species of Carex, i.e., C. buxbaumii Wahlenb., C. leptalea Wahlenb., C. limosa L., and C. lurida Wahlenb. ). Here we present the southernmost records of the species, confirming its presence in Peru.

Carex camptoglochin
The Neotropical populations of C. livida were considered a different species called C. confertospicata (Govaerts and Simpson 2007). However, the careful comparison with Northern Hemisphere materials of C. livida reveals that there are no differences between the Boreal and Neotropical populations (Reznicek pers. comm., Jiménez-Mejías pers. obs.). Accordingly, we agree in considering the name C. confertospicata as a heterotypic synonym of C. livida. Gunnerus, Fl. Norveg. 2: 131. 1776 Notes: Carex maritima is a bipolar species present at high latitudes of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, whose remarkable disjunction seems to date back to the Pleistocene (Escudero et al. 2010, Villaverde et al. 2015). of Bolivia and Peru (Wheeler 1989, Wheeler andBeck 2011). Wheeler (1989)  Notes: Carex vallis-pulchrae is a species belonging to the taxonomically complex group known as section Aciculares. The species is disjunctly distributed in Southern Patagonia (including Tierra del Fuego), the High Andes of central Chile and Argentina, and the Central Andes AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION PJM and ME planned and coordinate this study; PJM and ME studied plant materials with additional contributions from the rest of the authors; JJAO, PJM and ME drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to improving the final version of the manuscript.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank anonymous reviewers and associated editor for helpful comments on the manuscript; to the curators and staff of CPUN, HSP, HUT, MICH, MOL, NY, US, and USM for assistance when studying their collections; to M. Hjertson, curator of UPS, for sending us high-resolution images of the type material of C. livida; and to A. A.
Reznicek for his kind invitation to visit MICH collection and a discussion about the taxonomic status of the Neotropical C. livida populations. This project has been funded through a "Beca Iberoamérica Jóvenes Profesores e Investigadores del Programas de movilidad del Banco Santander" fellowship towards ME, and a postdoctoral fellowship of the Smithsonian Institution towards PJ-M. MSMF and JJAO would like to acknowledge Patronato de la Reserva Paisajística "Nor Yauyos Cochas" for funding support.