Publicado

2023-12-31

La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos

The Anti-Human Rights Machine: Digital Authoritarianism and the Global Assault on Human Rights

A maquinaria antidireitos humanos: autoritarismo digital e ataque global contra os direitos humanos

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500

Palabras clave:

autoritarismo digital, redes sociales, violencia contra defensores de derechos humanos, discurso virtual antiderechos humanos (es)
digital authoritarianism, social media, violence against human rights defenders, online anti-human rights discourse (en)
autoritarismo digital, redes sociais, violência contra defensores de direitos humanos, discurso virtual antidireitos humanos (pt)

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Autores/as

  • Richard Wilson University of Conneticut
  • Luis Enrique Bossio Asociación de Traductores de los EE.UU

Este artículo analiza los efectos del autoritarismo digital —ataques virtuales gubernamentales dirigidos contra personas que defienden los derechos humanos— en Colombia y Guatemala. Para ello, combina el modelo político y el modelo de minorías en un marco teórico que abarca los impactos del discurso virtual antiderechos humanos. También documenta dichos impactos mediante la sistematización de ataques en redes sociales a activistas y entrevistas a los agentes involucrados. Analiza los efectos no letales del discurso de odio en redes sociales y la adopción de medidas de protección como la autocensura, el abandono de las labores de defensa y la emigración. Finalmente propone un nuevo Código de Conducta Digital avalado por la ONU para que los Estados adopten políticas digitales transparentes, para que no inciten ataques y abandonen la vigilancia ilegal de quienes defienden los derechos humanos.

This article analyzes the effects of digital authoritarianism— online attacks by governments directed against human rights defenders— in Colombia and Guatemala. In so doing, it combines a political model and a minority model into a single theoretical approach that can comprehend the impacts of online anti-human rights discourse. Additionally, it documents the conditioning effects of attacks against activists on social media through interviews with the actors involved. It analyses the non-lethal effects of online hate speech and the adoption of protective measures by activists such as self-
censorship, the abandonment of human rights work, and emigration. Finally, it advocates for a new United Nations-sponsored Digital Code of Conduct that would require states to adopt transparent digital policies, refrain from inciting attacks, and cease illegally surveilling human rights defenders.

Neste artigo se examinan os efeitos do autoritarismo digital —ataques virtuais governamentais direcionados contra pessoas que defendem os direitos humanos— na Colômbia e Guatemala. Para esse propósito, combinam-se o modelo político e o modelo de minorias em uma estrutura teórica que abrange os impactos do discurso virtual antidireitos humanos. Também se documentam esses impactos por meio da sistematização de ataques em redes sociais a ativistas e entrevistas com os agentes envolvidos. Aqui se analisam os efeitos não letais do discurso de ódio nas redes sociais e a adoção de medidas de proteção, como a autocensura, o abandono das atividades de defesa e a emigração. Finalmente, propõe-se um novo Código de Conduta Digital apoiado pela ONU para que os Estados adotem políticas digitais transparentes, de modo a não incitar ataques e abandonar a vigilância ilegal daqueles que defendem os direitos humanos.

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Materiales empíricos

Entrevista 1. Entrevista realizada con defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2018.

Entrevista 2. Entrevista realizada a periodista guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 3. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 4. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos colombiano, 2020.

Entrevista 5. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 6. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2018.

Entrevista 7. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 8. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 9. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 10. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos colombiana, 2020.

Entrevista 11. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2020.

Entrevista 12. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 13. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 14. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos colombiano, 2020.

Entrevista 15. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos colombiana, 2020.

Entrevista 16. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 17. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos colombiana, 2020.

Entrevista 18. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 19. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 20. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos colombiano, 2020.

Entrevista 21. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2020.

Entrevista 22. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 23. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 24. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2020.

Entrevista 25. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 26. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos colombiana, 2020.

Entrevista 27. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos guatemalteca, 2019.

Entrevista 28. Entrevista realizada a defensora de derechos humanos colombiana, 2020.

Entrevista 29. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos guatemalteco, 2019.

Entrevista 30. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos colombiano, 2020.

Entrevista 31. Entrevista realizada a defensor de derechos humanos colombiano, 2020.

Cómo citar

APA

Wilson, R. y Bossio, L. E. (2023). La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos. Maguaré, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500

ACM

[1]
Wilson, R. y Bossio, L.E. 2023. La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos. Maguaré. 38, 1 (dic. 2023). DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500.

ACS

(1)
Wilson, R.; Bossio, L. E. La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos. Maguaré 2023, 38.

ABNT

WILSON, R.; BOSSIO, L. E. La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos. Maguaré, [S. l.], v. 38, n. 1, 2023. DOI: 10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/maguare/article/view/113500. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2024.

Chicago

Wilson, Richard, y Luis Enrique Bossio. 2023. « La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos». Maguaré 38 (1). https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500.

Harvard

Wilson, R. y Bossio, L. E. (2023) « La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos», Maguaré, 38(1). doi: 10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500.

IEEE

[1]
R. Wilson y L. E. Bossio, « La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos», Maguaré, vol. 38, n.º 1, dic. 2023.

MLA

Wilson, R., y L. E. Bossio. « La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos». Maguaré, vol. 38, n.º 1, diciembre de 2023, doi:10.15446/mag.v38n1.113500.

Turabian

Wilson, Richard, y Luis Enrique Bossio. « La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos». Maguaré 38, no. 1 (diciembre 31, 2023). Accedido julio 17, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/maguare/article/view/113500.

Vancouver

1.
Wilson R, Bossio LE. La maquinaria antiderechos humanos: autoritarismo digital y ataque global contra los derechos humanos. Maguaré [Internet]. 31 de diciembre de 2023 [citado 17 de julio de 2024];38(1). Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/maguare/article/view/113500

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