Publicado

2026-05-27

Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru

Influencia de la variabilidad mineralógica en la eficiencia de la concentración gravimétrica de oro: un estudio comparativo en los sectores de MAPE de Ocoña y Chala, Arequipa, Perú

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n59.126432

Palabras clave:

Caracterización mineralógica, concentración gravimétrica, recuperación de oro libre de mercurio, geometalurgia, metalurgia predictiva, minería artesanal y a pequeña escala (MAPE), sostenibilidad minera, Ocoña, Chala, Perú (es)
Mineralogical Characterization, gravity concentration efficiency, mercury-free gold recovery, geometallurgy, predictive metallurgy, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), mining sustainability, Ocoña, Chala, Perú (en)

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La minería artesanal y a pequeña escala de oro (MAPE) en Perú enfrenta desafíos significativos en términos de eficiencia de recuperación y sostenibilidad ambiental. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una caracterización mineralógica detallada y una evaluación comparativa de la eficiencia de la concentración gravimétrica en menas de oro de los sectores de Ocoña y Chala (Arequipa, Perú) para identificar los factores mineralógicos clave que controlan la recuperación de oro. Se aplicó un enfoque integrado que incluyó muestreo representativo, caracterización por microscopía óptica y difracción de rayos X (DRX) con refinamiento de Rietveld, análisis químico y pruebas de concentración gravimétrica en un concentrador Falcon bajo condiciones controladas (P80 < 74 µm), con análisis estadístico de los resultados. Las menas de Ocoña exhibieron una recuperación promedio de oro significativamente mayor (86,50 % ± 7,92 DE) que las de Chala (81,80 % ± 4,81 DE) (p = 0,021). Esta diferencia se atribuyó a un mayor porcentaje estimado de oro libre (>90 %) y a un tamaño de partícula de oro más grueso (D₅₀: 125 260 µm) en Ocoña, en contraste con un mayor contenido de arsenopirita (hasta un 8,5 %) y un oro más fino (D₅₀: 32-45 µm) asociado a sulfuros en Chala. Los resultados resaltan la heterogeneidad de los depósitos de oro en ASM y la necesidad imperiosa de estrategias de procesamiento específicas para cada sitio, basadas en una caracterización mineralógica integral, para optimizar la recuperación y promover prácticas mineras sostenibles.

This study compared mineralogical characterization and gravimetric concentration efficiency in ores from Ocoña and Chala (Arequipa) to identify recovery-controlling factors. Representative sampling, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, and Falcon concentrator tests (P80 < 74 μm) were applied. Results showed that Ocoña achieved significantly higher average gold recovery (86.50% ± 7.92) compared to Chala (81.80% ± 4.81) (p = 0.021). This difference is explained by Ocoña’s higher free gold content (>90%) and coarser particle size (D50: 125–260 μm), whereas Chala exhibited higher arsenopyrite (up to 8.5%) and finer gold (D50: 32–45 μm) associated with sulfides. Findings highlight deposit heterogeneity in ASM and the need for site-specific processing strategies, based on comprehensive mineralogical analysis, to optimize recovery and foster sustainable mining practices.

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Cómo citar

APA

Villanueva-Zela, X. N., Pacheco-Anco, A. & Colque-Riega, S. P. (2026). Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, (59), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n59.126432

ACM

[1]
Villanueva-Zela, X.N., Pacheco-Anco, A. y Colque-Riega, S.P. 2026. Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra. 59 (abr. 2026), 106–115. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n59.126432.

ACS

(1)
Villanueva-Zela, X. N.; Pacheco-Anco, A.; Colque-Riega, S. P. Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru. Bol. Cienc. Tierra 2026, 106-115.

ABNT

VILLANUEVA-ZELA, X. N.; PACHECO-ANCO, A.; COLQUE-RIEGA, S. P. Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, [S. l.], n. 59, p. 106–115, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/rbct.n59.126432. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rbct/article/view/126432. Acesso em: 19 jul. 2026.

Chicago

Villanueva-Zela, Xiomara Nicole, Anderson Pacheco-Anco, y Segundo Percy Colque-Riega. 2026. «Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru». Boletín De Ciencias De La Tierra, n.º 59 (abril):106-15. https://doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n59.126432.

Harvard

Villanueva-Zela, X. N., Pacheco-Anco, A. y Colque-Riega, S. P. (2026) «Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru», Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, (59), pp. 106–115. doi: 10.15446/rbct.n59.126432.

IEEE

[1]
X. N. Villanueva-Zela, A. Pacheco-Anco, y S. P. Colque-Riega, «Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru», Bol. Cienc. Tierra, n.º 59, pp. 106–115, abr. 2026.

MLA

Villanueva-Zela, X. N., A. Pacheco-Anco, y S. P. Colque-Riega. «Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru». Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, n.º 59, abril de 2026, pp. 106-15, doi:10.15446/rbct.n59.126432.

Turabian

Villanueva-Zela, Xiomara Nicole, Anderson Pacheco-Anco, y Segundo Percy Colque-Riega. «Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru». Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, no. 59 (abril 7, 2026): 106–115. Accedido julio 19, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rbct/article/view/126432.

Vancouver

1.
Villanueva-Zela XN, Pacheco-Anco A, Colque-Riega SP. Influence of mineralogical variability on the efficiency of gravimetric gold concentration: a comparative study in the ASM sectors of Ocoña and Chala, Arequipa, Peru. Bol. Cienc. Tierra [Internet]. 7 de abril de 2026 [citado 19 de julio de 2026];(59):106-15. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rbct/article/view/126432

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