Colombia as a Future Tourism Destination from U.S. Travelers’ Perspective
Colombia como futuro destino turístico desde la perspectiva de viajeros estadounidenses
A Colômbia como futuro destino turístico sob a perspectiva dos viajantes estadunidenses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v34n93.98406Palabras clave:
Destination image, Colombia, U.S. travelers, cognitive image, affective image, perceived value, behavior intention (en)imagen de destino, Colombia, turistas estadounidenses, imagen cognitiva, imagen afectiva, valor percibido, intención de comportamiento (es)
imagem de destino, Colômbia, turistas estadunidenses, imagem cognitiva, imagem afetiva, valor percebido, intenção comportamental (pt)
Descargas
This research identified the perceptions of u.s. travelers regarding Colombia as a potential tourism destination, including their perception of risk. The framework of destination image and travelers’ behavior, including perceived risk, cognitive and affective images, and perceived value for the trip, was adopted. Data for these behaviors were collected using a self-administered online survey with u.s. citizens who had not visited Colombia. Hypotheses were tested employing Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the Partial Least Squares method to analyze the measurement and structural models. The results indicated that u.s. citizens had a positive affective and cognitive perception of Colombia, which led to a higher perceived value in visiting the country and a strong intention to do so in the near future. This research provides information for tourism organizations in Colombia to develop tourism strategies aimed at attracting international inbound travelers, particularly u.s. residents. The research aims to understand travelers’ perceptions of Colombia as their future tourist destination. This research is significant since Colombia is becoming an attractive tourism destination for international travelers. Therefore, it is important to understand their perceptions and travel behavior towards the country. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to examine Colombia as a potential tourism destination from the perspective of its primary target market.
El presente estudio identificó las percepciones de turistas estadounidenses con respecto a Colombia como eventual destino turístico. Para ello, se adoptó el marco teórico de la imagen del destino y el comportamiento del viajero, que incluye el riesgo percibido, las imágenes cognitivas y afectivas y el valor percibido del viaje. Los datos para el análisis de estos comportamientos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta autoadministrada en línea a personas residentes en Estados Unidos que no han visitado a Colombia en el pasado. Las hipótesis de la investigación fueron evaluadas por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio y el método de mínimos cuadrados parciales. Los resultados indicaron que las personas consultadas tenían una percepción afectiva y cognitiva positiva sobre Colombia, lo que llevó a un mayor valor percibido frente a una posible visita al país y una fuerte intención de concretarla en un futuro cercano. Esta investigación proporciona información clave para las organizaciones turísticas en Colombia con respecto al desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a atraer viajeros internacionales —particularmente aquellos provenientes de Estados Unidos— con base en la comprensión de sus percepciones sobre el país como un futuro destino turístico. Esta investigación es relevante debido a que Colombia se está convirtiendo en un destino atractivo para viajeros internacionales, por lo cual es necesario comprender sus percepciones sobre el país y sus comportamientos de viaje. Hasta donde conocemos, este trabajo es el primero que analiza a Colombia como un destino turístico potencial desde la perspectiva de su principal mercado objetivo.
Neste estudo, foram identificadas as percepções dos turistas estadunidenses com relação à Colômbia como um destino turístico em potencial. Para isso, foi adotada a estrutura teórica da imagem do destino e do comportamento do viajante, que inclui risco percebido, imagens cognitivas e afetivas e valor percebido da viagem. Os dados para a análise desses comportamentos foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa on-line autoadministrada com residentes dos Estados Unidos que ainda não visitaram a Colômbia. As hipóteses da pesquisa foram testadas usando a análise fatorial confirmatória e o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais. Os resultados indicaram que os entrevistados tinham uma percepção afetiva e cognitiva positiva da Colômbia, o que levou a um valor percebido mais alto de uma possível visita ao país e a uma forte intenção de visitá-lo em breve. Esta pesquisa fornece informações-chave para as organizações de turismo da Colômbia no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de estratégias destinadas a atrair viajantes internacionais — especialmente os dos Estados Unidos — com base no entendimento de suas percepções do país como um futuro destino turístico. Esta pesquisa é relevante porque a Colômbia está se tornando um destino atraente para viajantes internacionais; portanto, é necessário compreender suas percepções sobre o país e seu comportamento de viagem. Até onde sabemos, este artigo é o primeiro a analisar a Colômbia como um destino turístico em potencial sob a perspectiva de seu principal mercado-alvo.
Referencias
Agapito, D., Oom do Valle, P., & da Costa Mendes, J. (2013). The cognitive-affective-conative model of destination image: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(5), 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.803393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.803393
Ali, F., Rasoolmanesh, S. M., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Ryu, K. (2018). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 514-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2016-0568
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.411
Assaker, G. (2014). Examining a hierarchical model of Australia’s destination image. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20(3), 195– 210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714527104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714527104
Babin, B. J., & Griffin, M. (1998). The nature of satisfaction: an updated examination and analysis. Journal of Business research, 41(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00001-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00001-5
Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D., & Voss, G. B. (2002). The influence of multiple store environment cues on perceived merchandise value and patronage intentions. Journal of marketing, 66(2), 120-141. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.2.120.18470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.2.120.18470
Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of travel research, 35(4), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500402
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
Barley, M., & Dimanche, F. (2016). Overcoming the image of Colombia: A study of Canadian travel agents. Travel and Tourism Research Association. Availble from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttracanada_2016_conference/8/
Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Tourists’ characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis – a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25 (5), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.06.004
Boo, S., & Busser, J. A. (2005). Impact analysis of a tourism festival on tourists destination images. Event Management, 9(4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599506776771562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/152599506776771562
Casler, K., Bickel, L., & HacketT, E. (2013). Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing. Computers in human behavior, 29(6), 2156-2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009
Chang, L. L., Backman, K. F., & Huang, Y. C. (2014). Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2014-0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2014-0032
Chen, C. C., Lai, Y. H. R., Petrick, J. F., & Lin, Y. H. (2016). Tourism between divided nations: An examination of stereotyping on destination image. Tourism Management, 55, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.012
Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism management, 28(4), 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008
Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism management, 29(4), 624-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. 22 (1), Management Information Systems Research Center.
Chiu, W., Zeng, S. and Cheng, P.S.T. (2016). The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: a case study of Chinese tourists in Korea. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2015-0080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2015-0080
Choi, J. G., Tkachenko, T., & Sil, S. (2011). On the destination image of Korea by Russian tourists. Tourism Management, 32(1), 193-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.002
Cronin JR, J. J., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of retailing, 76(2), 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
Domareski-Ruiz, T.C., Chim-Miki, A.F., Añaña, E., & dos Anjos, F.A. (2020). Impacts of mega-events on destination competitiveness and corruption perception in South American countries. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(2), 7-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2020.160201
Dowling, G. R., & Staelin, R. (1994). A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1086/209386 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/209386
Eusébio, C., & Vieira, A. L. (2013). Destination attributes' evaluation, satisfaction and behavioural intentions: A structural modelling approach. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.877
Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction To Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Gartner, W. B. (1994). Words lead to deeds: Towards an organizational emergence vocabulary. Journal of business venturing, 8(3), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90029-5
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & BOUDREAU, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the association for information systems, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of marketing research, 25(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500207
Grewal, D., Monroe, K. B., & Krishnan, R. (1998). The effects of price-comparison advertising on buyers' perceptions of acquisition value, transaction value, and behavioral intentions. The Journal of Marketing, 46-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200204
Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130
Hair JR, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hudson, S., Wang, Y., & Gil, S.M. (2011). The influence of a film on destination image and the desire to travel: a cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.808
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7
Jeong, Y. and Kim, S. (2020). A study of event quality, destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty among sport tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(4), 940-960. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101
Jin, N., Lee, S., & Lee, H. (2015). The effect of experience quality on perceived value, satisfaction, image and behavioral intention of water park patrons: New versus repeat visitors. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1968 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1968
King, A. B., King, J. P., & Loizidies, M. (2015). The Need for Product Adaptation to Meet Changing Consumer Purchase Intentions in the 1980’s-The Automobile-A Case Study. In The 1980’s: A Decade of Marketing Challenges (pp. 311-311). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16976-7_86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16976-7_86
Kwon, S., Cha, M., Jung, K., Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2013, December). Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media. In 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining (pp. 1103-1108). IEEE. 10.1109/ICDM.2013.61 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2013.61
Kuo, Y. F., Wu, C. M., & Deng, W. J. (2009). The relationships among service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and post-purchase intention in mobile value-added services. Computers in human behavior, 25(4), 887-896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.003
Lai, F., Griffin, M., & Babin, B. J. (2009). How quality, value, image, and satisfaction create loyalty at a Chinese telecom. Journal of business research, 62(10), 980-986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.10.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.10.015
Lehto, X., Douglas, A. C., & Park, J. (2008). Mediating the effects of natural disasters on travel intention. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v23n02_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v23n02_03
Lepp, A., Gibson, H., & Lane, C. (2011). Image and perceived risk: A study of Uganda and its official tourism website. Tourism Management, 32(3), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.024
Li, M., Cai, L. A., Lehto, X. Y., & Huang, J. (2010). A missing link in understanding revisit intention—The role of motivation and image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(4), 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.481559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.481559
Lin, C.-H., Morais, D. B., Kerstetter, D. L., & Hou, J.-S. (2007). Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506304049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506304049
Maldonado, J. H., del Pilar Moreno-Sánchez, R., Espinoza, S., Bruner, A., Garzón, N., & Myers, J. (2018). Peace is much more than doves: The economic benefits of bird-based tourism as a result of the peace treaty in Colombia. World Development, 106, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.015
Mcdougall, G. H., & Levesque, T. (2000). Customer satisfaction with services: putting perceived value into the equation. Journal of services marketing, 14(5), 392-410. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040010340937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040010340937
Oliver Richard, L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. New York ˈ NY: Irwin-McGraw-Hill.
OxfordBusinessGroup (2020). Colombia tourism. Available from https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/search-results?sector=52400&country=54017&keywords=
Parasuraman, A., & Grewal, D. (2000). The impact of technology on the quality-value-loyalty chain: A research agenda. Journal of Academic of Marketing Science, 28 (1), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281015
Parrey, S.H., Hakim, I.A., & Rather, R.A. (2018). Mediating role of government initiatives and media influence between perceived risks and destination image: a study of conflict zone. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(1), 90-106. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2018-0019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2018-0019
Pike, S. (2017). Destination positioning and temporality: Tracking relative strengths and weaknesses over time. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.11.005
Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions. Journal of travel research, 42(4), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263029
Prayag, G. (2009). Tourists'evaluations Of Destination Image, Satisfaction, And Future Behavioral Intentions—The Case Of Mauritius. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(8), 836-853. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903358729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903358729
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). The relationship between the ‘push’and ‘pull’ factors of a tourist destination: The role of nationality–an analytical qualitative research approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 121-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683501003623802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683501003623802
Poon, A., & Adams, E. (2000). How the British will travel 2005: Tourism intelligence international. Bielefeld: John Wiley & Son Ltd.
Rauls, L. (June 22nd 2020). How tourism can jumpstart colombia’s economy. Americans Quarterly. Avalaible from https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/how-tourism-can-jumpstart-colombias-economy/
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
Ringle, C., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2015). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Bido, D., da Silva, D., & Ringle, C.(2014). Structural Equation Modeling with the Smartpls. Brazilian Journal Of Marketing, 13(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2717
Russell, J. A., & Pratt, G. (1980). A description of the affective quality attributed to environments. Journal of personality and social psychology, 38(2), 311. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.38.2.311
Ryu, K., Han, H., & Kim, T. H. (2008). The relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 459-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.11.001
San Martín, H., & Del Bosque, I. A. R. (2008). Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management, 29(2), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.012
Shrum, L. J., Liu, M., Nespoli, M., & Lowrey, T. M. (2012). Persuasion in the Marketplace (p. 314). Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218410.n19
Stylos, N., Vassiliadis, C. A., Bellou, V., & Andronikidis, A. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management, 53, 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006
Such-Devesa, M. J., Zapata-Aguirre, S., Risso, W. A., Brida, J. G., & Pereyra, J. S. (2009). Turismo y Crecimiento Economico: Un Analisis Empirico de Colombia (Tourism and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for the Case of Colombia). Estudios y perspectivas en turismo, 18(1), 21-35. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1092407
Tasci, A. D., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45(4), 413e425. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299569 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299569
The City Paper (February 27, 2020). Colombia saw record tourism in 2019 with 4.5 million visitors, the aim is 6 million. The City Paper. Avalaible from https://thecitypaperbogota.com/news/colombia-saw-record-tourism-in-2019-with-4-5-million-visitors/23974
Um, S., Chon, K., & Ro, Y. (2006). Antecedents of revisit intention. Annals of tourism research, 33(4), 1141-1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.003
UNWTO. (2019). UNWTO Annual Report 2019 (Rep.).
Venkatesh, V., & Brown, S. A. (2001). A longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: Adoption determinants and emerging challenges. MIS quarterly, 71-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250959 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3250959
Wu, C.W. (2016). Destination loyalty modeling of the global tourism. Journal of Business Research, 69(6), 2213-2219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.032
Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2017). A systematic literature review of risk and gender research in tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011
Yüksel, A., & Akgül, O. (2007). Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28(3), 714–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.026
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. The Journal of marketing, 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
Zouain, D.M., Lohmann, P.B., Cardoso, G.D., Virkki, K.B., & Martelotte, M.C. (2016). Residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games: Before, during and after the mega-event. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 13(2), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v13i2.1554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v13i2.1554
Cómo citar
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Descargar cita
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Innovar

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Todos los artículos publicados por Innovar se encuentran disponibles globalmente con acceso abierto y licenciados bajo los términos de Creative Commons Atribución-No_Comercial-Sin_Derivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Una vez seleccionados los artículos para un número, y antes de iniciar la etapa de cuidado y producción editorial, los autores deben firmar una cesión de derechos patrimoniales de su obra. Innovar se ciñe a las normas colombianas en materia de derechos de autor.
El material de esta revista puede ser reproducido o citado con carácter académico, citando la fuente.
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons: