Las celulasas y su aplicación en la degradación de desechos agroindustriales
The cellulases and their application in degrading agro-industrial waste
Keywords:
hidrólisis de celulosa, complejo enzimático, celulosoma (es)cellulose hydrolysis, enzyme system, cellulosome (en)
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Una cantidad de biomasa lignocelulósica está disponible y puede ser usada para producir energía almacenable, material básico de la industria química. Su uso es especialmente benéfico para un país, si esta biomasa hace parte de material de desecho que pude ser obtenido casi sin ningún costo y está presente en la carga ambiental. A pesar de esto, los polisacáridos presentes en ese tipo de biomasas son difíciles de degradar debido a su heterogeneidad y a su estructura cristalina. Este artículo está dirigido a la hidrólisis enzimática de la celulosa realizada por microorganismos que la degradan, las bacterias anaeróbicas. Se explican las dificultades para la digestión de la celulosa, así como las estrategias usadas por hidrolasas y complejos enzima ticos que permiten una degradación eficiente. La especificidad química de todas estas enzimas es idéntica, pero el modo de acción de cada uno de sus componentes es diferente. Sólo cuando se combinan con módulos de unión, se realiza una hidrólisis lenta pero eficiente. La variación de las estructuras modulares entre cada familia son un ejemplo de la diversificación evolutiva de la actividad enzimática. Se analiza un modelo para la hidrólisis de la celulosa en bruto (como está presente en la naturaleza); sin embargo, no se han realizado muchas investigaciones para explicar y describir el proceso a nivel molecular ni para optimizar la hidrólisis de la celulosa en el ámbito industrial.
A huge amount of lignocellulosic biomass is available which can be used to produce storable energy and basic material for the chemical industry. Its use is especially beneficial for a country's economy if it is waste material, which can be obtained at almost no cost and which presents an environmental burden. However, the polysaccharides present in biomass are difficult to degrade due to their heterogeneity and crystalline structure. This article addresses the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by its natural degraders, the anaerobic bacteria. The difficulties of cellulose digestion are explained and the strategies used by the hydrolytic enzymes and enzyme systems, allowing for efficient degradation. The multitude of enzymes is uniform in having an identical chemical specificity, but differs in each component's action mode. Only by combining this with binding modules can efficient hydrolysis be performed. The variation of modular structures within a single enzyme family is an example of enzymatic activity's evolutionary diversification. A model for hydrolytically degrading natural cellulose is presented, but much more research has to be done to explain and describe the process on the molecular level, and to optimize an industrial enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis process.
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