Publicado
Microplásticos, ambiente y salud humana. Una revisión a nivel global
Microplastics, environment and human health. A global review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ga.v26n2.108714Palabras clave:
Microplasticos, medio ambiente, acuatico, suelo, Afectación a la salud (es)microplastics, environment, aquatic, soil, human health (en)
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Los microplásticos son una preocupación ambiental cada vez mayor a nivel mundial debido a su persistencia y contaminación de los ecosistemas. En esta revisión se usó la plataforma Sciencedirect como base de datos para analizar sobre este tema en el contexto ambiental y el ser humano; utilizando la metodología de revisión sistemática de la literatura específicamente artículos de investigación, con las ecuaciones de búsqueda <microplastics> AND <aquatic>, <microplastics> AND <soil>, <microplastics> AND <Human health> entre el periodo 2018-2023. Con base en la revisión bibliográfica se obtuvo un total de 11 795 artículos entre investigación (9 814) y revisión (1 981); Es importante mencionar que respecto a microplásticos en medios acuáticos la búsqueda arrojo un total de 5 504 artículos; en el caso de suelos, se hallaron 3 900 artículos y en cuanto a la salud humana 4 848 artículos que hacen referencia al tema en cuestión. Se identificó que la contaminación por este tipo de compuesto sobre el factor suelo se ve reflejado en la disminución de la retención de agua, contaminación de acuíferos y nutrientes; también hay impactos negativos en ecosistemas marinos ya que microplásticos puede en algunos casos liberan grandes cantidades de metales que terminan afectando no solo la biota acuática sino también el sistema respiratorio y digestivo de las personas; por lo cual se evidencia la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones respecto a la presencia y posibles efectos de los microplásticos en el suelo, agua y el ser humano.
In the world, microplastics represent a growing environmental concern due to their resistance and consequent contamination of ecosystems. This review resorted to the ScienceDirect platform as a database to analyze the topic in the environment context and the human being, using the systematic literature review methodology, specifically research articles, with the search equations <microplastics> AND <aquatic>, <microplastics> AND <soil>, <microplastics> AND <human health> between 2018 and 2023. Based on the literature review, a total of 11 795 articles were obtained between research (9 814) and review (1 981); regarding microplastics in the water, the search yielded a total of 5 504 writings; in the case of soils, 3 900 articles were found, and regarding human health, 4 848 documents. It was identified that the contamination of this compound in the soil factor decreases water retention and contaminates aquifers; it also causes negative impacts on marine ecosystems since one of the origins of microplastics is the secondary one, which degrades large plastic objects in the sea, such as bags, bottles, fishing nets, and releases into the environment different additives such as heavy metals, phthalates, among others, affecting the environment, the aquatic biota, but also the respiratory and digestive system of people; therefore, there is a need for further research on the presence and possible effects of microplastics in soil, water, and human beings.
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