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Revisión de métodos de sensores remotos para la detección y evaluación de la severidad de incendios forestales
Review of Remote Sensing Methods for the Detection and Evaluation of the Severity of Forest Fires
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ga.v23n2.93682Palabras clave:
Fuego, índices espectrales, imágenes satelitales, regeneración natural, reflectancia (es)Fire, spectral indices, satellite images, natural regeneration, reflectance (en)
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Los efectos que tienen los incendios en los ecosistemas forestales son variables, dependiendo de diversos factores entre los cuales se encuentra la severidad del fuego. Lo cual, a su vez, repercute en su recuperación. Sin embargo, evaluar áreas afectadas por fuego directamente en campo implica alta inversión de recursos que, junto con el tiempo, son generalmente limitados. No obstante, para la planeación de las estrategias de manejo y de restauración es necesario tener conocimiento del impacto del fuego. Para esto, los sensores remotos son una herramienta práctica para la evaluación de grandes áreas, o áreas inaccesibles, impactadas por incendios forestales. Cuyo uso va en aumento, siguiendo diferentes perspectivas de evaluación, como son el espectro infrarrojo, la detección de vegetación, ubicación de cenizas, etc. Por lo que para saber cuál es la mejor alternativa en el estudio de incendios forestales, es necesario conocer toda la gama de posibilidades y de esta manera poder elegir la más conveniente. Debido a esto, en este trabajo se hace una revisión de diferentes propuestas de evaluación de áreas impactadas por incendios forestales a través de sensores remotos. Las cuales se definen, principalmente, en una serie de índices espectrales, con base a los cuales, directa o indirectamente, se pretende no solo ubicar y dimensionar los incendios forestales, sino, en algunos casos, determinar el nivel de severidad. De esta forma, en este documento se agrupan las principales propuestas, con base a sus objetivos de detección de áreas impactadas: vegetación, suelo, agua, área quemada y radar.
The effects that fires have on forest ecosystems are variable, depending on various factors, including the severity of the fire. Which, in turn, affects your recovery. However, evaluating fire-affected areas directly in the field involves high investment of resources that, along with time, are generally limited. However, for the planning of management and restoration strategies it is necessary to have knowledge of the impact of fire. For this, remote sensors are a practical tool for the evaluation of large areas, or inaccessible areas, impacted by forest fires. Whose use is increasing, following different evaluation perspectives, such as the infrared spectrum, the detection of vegetation, ash location, etc. So to know which is the best alternative in the study of forest fires, it is necessary to know the full range of possibilities and thus be able to choose the most convenient one. Due to this, in this work a review is made of different evaluation proposals of areas impacted by forest fires through remote sensors. Which are mainly defined in a series of spectral indices, based on which, directly or indirectly, it is intended not only to locate and size forest fires, but, in some cases, to determine the level of severity. Thus, in this document the main proposals are grouped, based on their objectives for detecting impacted areas: vegetation, soil, water, burned area and radar.
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