Worse than hitting your child: A cross-cultural analysis of the mother-child relationship
Peor que golpear a su hija/hijo: Un análisis transcultural de la relación madre-hijo
Pior do que bater no seu filho: Uma Análise Intercultural da Relação Mãe-Filho
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcs.v46n1.88554Palabras clave:
aggression, child abuse, child rearing, parent child relationship, violence (en)agresión, crianza del niño/a, maltrato infantil, relación padres-hijos, violencia (es)
abuso infantil, agressão, educação infantil, relação pais-filhos, violência (pt)
Using the International Parenting Study (ips) questionnaire, this study measures the effects of abusive levels of maternal discipline on child-to-mother violence in a cross-cultural sample of 469 Colombian and American freshman-level college students. The ips assesses the respondents’ childhood relationship with their mother, their parents’ relationship toward each other, and their personality traits in adulthood. This instrument relies on the respondents’ memories of experiences that occurred around the age of 10 regarding maternal disciplinary practices, their mother’s reaction toward their misbehavior, parental domestic violence, and the child’s verbal abuse and physical violence toward their mother. The correlation between the respondents’ childhood experiences and their adult personality traits is also analyzed. The analysis shows similarities and differences between American and Colombian childrearing practices. For example, for most respondents, their mother was the most significant caretaker, and in comparison, to their father’s forms of discipline, maternal discipline was perceived as fair and producing positive effects. This study shows that Colombian mothers use corporal punishment to discipline their children more often than their American counterparts, but both American and Colombian mothers use corporal punishment and severe physical child abuse more often toward boys than girls. However, maternal psychological aggression, rather than maternal use of physical violence to discipline the child, is the strongest predictor of a child’s use of violence against the mother. This study contributes to the existent literature in that it provides support to cultural transmission through imitation and observation, learning, differential association, and power-control theories: that is, violent behavior is learned in the family, reinforced by attitudes favorable to that behavior, and transmitted from one generation to the next. The common use of violence by the mother (and her male partner) may become a “normal” pattern or way to interact with any or all family members. It also supports the hypothesis of the co-occurrence of various types of violence in a violent home, as domestic violence and child abuse. Finally, policy implications are discussed.
Utilizando el cuestionario de Estudio Internacional de Crianza (International Parenting Study - ips) y una muestra de 469 estudiantes (colombianos y estadounidenses) de primer año de universidad, este estudio mide el impacto de la disciplina materna en la violencia del hijo o la hija hacia la madre. El ips incluye indicadores acerca de las relaciones familiares cuando el o la participante tenía alrededor de 10 años. Por ejemplo, la disciplina materna, la reacción de la madre ante el mal comportamiento de su hija/o, la violencia doméstica entre los padres y el abuso verbal y físico del/la participante a su madre. También se analiza la correlación entre la experiencia de los participantes en su infancia y sus rasgos de personalidad en la adultez. Los hallazgos sugieren que la agresión psicológica por parte de la madre, no la violencia física, es el predictor más fuerte del maltrato del hijo o hija a la madre. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura existente, ya que provee evidencia empírica de algunas de las teorías sobre el comportamiento criminal o violento, según las cuales este se explica por la transmisión cultural por imitación u observación, el aprendizaje del comportamiento violento en la familia y en otros grupos de socialización temprana y la transmisión de inequidad de género. Es decir, el comportamiento violento se aprende en la familia, es reforzado por actitudes favorables a ese comportamiento y se transmite de una generación a la siguiente. El uso frecuente de la violencia por parte de la madre y su pareja masculina puede convertirse en un patrón de interacción o resolución de conflictos entre los miembros de la familia. La evidencia empírica también sustenta la hipótesis de la concurrencia de varios tipos de violencia en un hogar violento, como la violencia doméstica y el abuso infantil. Finalmente, se discuten algunas implicaciones en política pública.
Utilizando o questionário International Parenting Study (ips) e uma amostra transcultural de 469 estudantes de universidade do primeiro ano (da Colômbia e América do Norte), este estudo mede os efeitos da disciplina materna na violência infantil contra a mãe. O ips inclui indicadores sobre as relações familiares quando o participante tinha cerca de 10 anos de idade. Por exemplo, a disciplina materna, a reação da mãe ao mau comportamento de seu filho, a violência doméstica entre os pais e o abuso verbal e físico da criança à mãe. A correlação entre a experiência infantil das pessoas entrevistadas e seus traços de personalidade adulta também é analisada. Os resultados sugerem que a agressão psicológica materna durante a infância, em vez do uso materno de violência física para disciplinar a criança, é o mais forte preditor do uso de violência infantil contra a mãe. Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente, fornecendo evidências empíricas para algumas das teorias do comportamento violento ou criminoso, segundo as quais este comportamento se explica pela transmissão cultural por imitação ou observação, aprendizagem do comportamento violento na família e em outros grupos de socialização precoce, e a transmissão da desigualdade de gênero. Em outras palavras, o comportamento violento é aprendido na família, reforçado por atitudes favoráveis a tal comportamento, e transmitido de uma geração para a próxima. O uso comum da violência pela mãe e seu parceiro pode se tornar num padrão de interação ou resolução de conflitos entre os membros da família. As evidências empíricas também apoiam a hipótese da co-ocorrência de vários tipos de violência em um lar violento, como a violência doméstica e o abuso infantil. Finalmente, algumas implicações na política pública são discutidas.
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