Productividad y eficiencia de ganaderias lecheras especializadas en el Valle del Cauca (Colombia)
Productivity and efficiency of specialized dairy farms in the Valley of Cauca (Colombia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v65n3.76463Keywords:
ganado lechero, lecherías, pastoreo, eficiciencia, suplementos, productividad (es)dairy cattle, dairies, grazing, efficiency, supplements, productivity (en)
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El estudio caracterizó la productividad y eficiencia de 52 lecherías especializadas en el Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Se encontró que en promedio los predios fueron de 41,3 hectáreas y 133 animales, respectivamente. El cuadro reproductivo supuso: días abiertos (97-225), servicios por concepción (1.4-5.4) e in intervalo entre partos en días (IPP) (382-520). Las pasturas básicas fueron estrella C. plestostachyus y guinea P. maximun, con rendimientos anuales de 18.6 Ton MS.ha-1, un consumo de MS de pasto por vaca de 9.44 Kg y un total de 12.2 kg incluyendo los concentrados. Se determinó una relación lineal: Y=Producción de leche (Kg. Día) = 5.6639 + 0.5513 X, R²=0.77, donde solo con pastoreo las vacas producen 5.66 l.vaca-1día y cada kg de concentrado adicional incrementa en 0.5513 l.vaca-1día. Las vacas productivas fueron 84.8 vacas.hato-1 con 11.9 l.vaca-1día. La carga animal por finca fue 3.2 UGG.Ha-1 con una productividad de 7965 litros.ha-1año; donde por cada UGG que ingresa al sistema, se mejora en 2816 l.Ha-1año. De 34 variables analizadas, las que determinaron la productividad de las fincas fueron: litros totales por lactancia (33,3%), vacas en ordeño (17.7%), Ha productivas (11.0%), l.Ha-1año (7.8%), kg de concentrado (5.3%) y MS del pasto kg.Ha-1(4.5%). Se identificaron cuatro sistemas de producción con base en pastoreo que dependen críticamente de los suplementos concentrados con asimetrías en componentes raciales que afectan negativamente la productividad.
The study characterizes productivity and efficiency of 52 specialized dairies in Valle del Cauca (Colombia). It was found that, on average, the farms were 41.3 hectares and 133 animals respectively. The reproductive status was: open days (97-225), services by conception (1.4- 5.4), in interval between births in days (IPP) (382-520). The basic pastures were Stargrass C. plestostachyus and Guinea P. maximun, with yields per year of 18.6 DM.Ton.ha-1 year and dry matter intake (DMI) of cow pasture of 9.44 kg and total of 12.2 kg including supplements. A linear relationship was determined: Y = Milk yield (kg day) = 5.6639 + 0.5513 X, R² = 0.77, where with only grazing, cows produce 5.66 l.cow-1day and each kg of additional supplements increases by 0.5513 l.cow-1 day. The productive cows were 84.8 farm-1 cows with 11.9 l.cow-1day. The animal load per farm was 3.2 large livestock units (LLU)) per ha with a productivity of 7965 liters.ha-1year; where for each LLU that enters the system, is improved by 2816 l.Ha-1year. Of the 34 variables analyzed, those that determined the productivity of the dairies were: total litters per lactation (33.3%), milking cows (17.7%), Ha productive (11.0%), liters per Ha year (7.8%), supplements (5.3%) and pasture production DM kg.Ha-1 (4.5%). Four grazing-based production systems were identified that depend critically on concentrated supplements with severe asymmetries in racial components that negatively affect productivity.
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Copyright (c) 2018 F. Morales Vallecilla, S. Ortiz Grisales

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