Tiempo de contagio de pacientes con SARS-CoV-2: Análisis a diez meses de pandemia
Time of contagion of patients with SARS-CoV-2: Analysis at ten months of pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v23n5.91160Palabras clave:
aislamiento de pacientes; periodo de transmisión; COVID-19. (es)patient isolation; Communicable Period; COVID-19. (en)
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Bajo las actuales circunstancias de la pandemia por COVID-19 y dada la posibilidad de colapso de los sistemas de salud debido al aumento de contagios a nivel mundial, es necesario establecer el tiempo en el que un paciente infectado con SARS-CoV-2 mantiene la condición de contagiante. Determinar con mayor precisión la fase de transmisibilidad del agente infeccioso servirá para estandarizar el periodo de aislamiento del paciente y evitará la diseminación del virus a nivel comunitario y su reincorporación a la actividad laboral de forma segura. Mediante pruebas moleculares se ha establecido que el ARN viral es detectable en el tracto respiratorio desde 2 a 3 días antes de la manifestación de síntomas, alcanzando su máximo nivel al inicio de los síntomas y disminuyendo progresivamente en los siguientes 7 u 8 días en la mayoría de pacientes. Sin embargo, la detección persistente del ARN viral mediante RT-PCR no necesariamente significa que el paciente conserve su capacidad infectante. Se ha reportado que en casos leves y moderados de la COVID-19, la capacidad replicativa del virus perdura hasta el día 9 desde el inicio de síntomas, mientras que, en casos severos y críticos, se prolonga hasta el día 20 desde la aparición de síntomas. Actualmente, las estrategias propuestas por la OMS y los CDC para definir el tiempo de aislamiento de los contagiados, se basan en el tiempo de manifestación de síntomas y la evolución clínica del paciente.
Under the current circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic and given the possibility of collapse of health systems due to the increase in infections worldwide, it is necessary to establish the time in which a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 maintains the contagious condition. Determining the infectious agent's transmissibility phase with greater precision will serve to standardize the isolation period of the patient and will prevent the spread of the virus at the community level and its safe return to work. Through molecular tests it has been established that viral RNA is detectable in the respiratory tract from 2 to 3 days before the manifestation of symptoms, reaching its maximum level at the onset of symptoms and decreasing progressively in the following 7 or 8 days in most of patients. However, persistent detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR does not necessarily mean that the patient remains infectious. It has been reported that in mild and moderate cases of COVID-19, the replicative capacity of the virus lasts until day 9 from the onset of symptoms, while, in severe and critical cases, it lasts until day 20 from the onset of symptoms. Currently, the strategies proposed by the WHO and the CDC to define the isolation time of those infected are based on the time of manifestation of symptoms and the clinical evolution of the patient.
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