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Percepciones de los factores de riesgo asociados al contagio del coronavirus en adultos mayores
Perceptions of the risk factors associated with the contagion of coronavirus in elders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v23n6.95509Palabras clave:
COVID-19, Factores de riesgo, Percepción, Clase social, Adulto mayor, Perú (es)COVID-19, Risk factors, Perception, Social Class, Aged, Peru (en)
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Objetivo Analizar las percepciones de los factores de riesgo asociados al contagio del coronavirus en adultos mayores pertenecientes a distritos con ingresos bajos de Lima Metropolitana (Perú).
Materiales y Métodos Estudio de tipo cualitativo, con un diseño fenomenológico hermenéutico y con muestreo teórico. Para el análisis de datos se empleó el software ATLAS.ti 7.5. Participaron diez mujeres y seis varones, incluyendo contagiados y no contagiados. Se realizaron 16 entrevistas semiestructuradas durante los meses de agosto y setiembre del 2020.
Resultados Se identificaron percepciones en el componente cognitivo, experiencial, sociocultural, confianza y eficacia. Además, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a las percepciones de riesgo entre las personas contagiadas y no contagiadas. Sin embargo, en cuanto a la subcategoría de confianza hacia la ciencia, las personas que han contraído el virus tienen mayores percepciones negativas, a diferencia de los que no han sido contagiados, quienes, a su vez, muestran más percepciones positivas sobre los avances científicos.
Conclusiones Los factores de riesgo identificados por los adultos mayores fueron: no respetar el distanciamiento social, el uso inadecuado de mascarillas y la falta de higiene personal. Asimismo, las percepciones negativas hacia estos factores de riesgo fueron de miedo al contagio de uno mismo y de los demás, la intranquilidad, la preocupación, la inseguridad o desconfianza, la desprotección y la incapacidad para enfrentar el virus; y en cuanto a las percepciones positivas, estas fueron: tranquilidad, seguridad, apoyo social, protección a la familia, esperanza y satisfacción.
Objective Analyze the perception of the risk factors associated with the contagion of coronavirus in elders belonging to low-income districts in Lima Metropolitana (Perú).
Materials and Method Qualitative study, with a phenomenological hermeneutical design. A total of 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with elders aged 61 to 80, men and women, including infected and non-infected, between the months of August and Sep- tember 2020. Likewise, the ATLAS.ti 7.5 software was used for data analysis.
Results Perceptions were identified in the cognitive, experiential, sociocultural, trust and efficacy components. Furthermore, no differences were found in terms of risk perception between infected and non-infected people, however, regarding the subcategory of trust towards science, people who have contracted the virus presented higher negative perceptions, than those who have not been infected, who in turn, showed more positive perceptions of scientific advances.
Conclusions the risk factors identified by elders were: not respecting social distancing, inappropriate use of masks and lack of personal hygiene. Likewise, the negative perceptions presented towards these risk factors were fear of contagion from oneself and from others, intranquility, worry, insecurity, distrust, lack of protection and the inability to face the virus, and in terms of positive perceptions, these were: tranquility, security, social support, family protection, hope and satisfaction.
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