Correo Electrónico
DNINFOA - SIA
Bibliotecas
Convocatorias
Identidad U.N.
Publicado
Desigualdad en el ingreso, corrupción y esperanza de vida al nacer en México
Income inequality, corruption, and life expectancy at birth in Mexico
Palabras clave:
Clase social, pobreza, distribución espacial, México (es)Social class, poverty, residence characteristics, Mexico (en)
Descargas
OBJETIVO: Indagar si el efecto de la desigualdad en el ingreso sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer en México está mediado por la corrupción, usada como proxy del capital social.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con las 32 entidades federativas mexicanas se realizó un estudio ecológico. Se estimaron las correlaciones entre la esperanza de vida al nacer, total y por sexo, y el coeficiente de Gini, el Indice de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno, el porcentaje de católicos y el porcentaje de población que habla lengua indígena por entidad federativa. Regresiones lineales robustas, con y sin variables instrumentales, fueron usadas para explorar si la corrupción actúa como variable intermedia en la relación estudiada.
RESULTADOS: Se observaron correlaciones negativas con rho de Spearman cercanas a -0.60 (p < 0.05) y superiores a -0.66 (p < 0.05) entre la esperanza de vida al nacer y el coeficiente de Gini y el porcentaje de la población que habla lengua indígena, respectivamente. El Indice de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno, además, se correlacionó con la esperanza de vida al nacer de los hombres con una rho de Spearman de -0.3592 (p < 0.05). Las regresiones con instrumentos resultaron ser más consistentes que las convencionales, y mostraron un fuerte efecto negativo (p < 0.05) de la desigualdad en el ingreso sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer. Este efecto resulta ser mayor entre los hombres.
DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados sugieren un efecto negativo de la desigualdad en el ingreso sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer en México, mediado por los niveles de corrupción y otros factores culturales asociados.
OBJECTIVE: To ascertain if the effect of income inequality on life expectancy at birth in Mexico is mediated by corruption, used as a proxy of social capital.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: An ecological study was carried out with the 32 Mexican federative entities. Global and by sex correlations between life expectancy at birth were estimated by federative entity with the Gini coefficient, the Corruption and Good Government Index, the percentage of Catholics, and the percentage of the population speaking indigenous language. Robust linear regressions, with and without instrumental variables, were used to explore if corruption acts as intermediate variable in the studied relationship.
RESULTS: Negative correlations with Spearman's rho near to -0.60 (p < 0.05) and greater than -0.66 (p < 0.05) between life expectancy at birth, the Gini coefficient and the population speaking indigenous language, respectively, were observed. Moreover, the Corruption and Good Government Index correlated with men's life expectancy at birth with Spearman's rho -0.3592 (p < 0.05). Regressions with instruments were more consistent than conventional ones and they show a strong negative effect (p < 0.05) of income inequality on life expectancy at birth. This effect was greater among men.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a negative effect of income inequality on life expectancy at birth in Mexico, mediated by corruption levels and other related cultural factors.
Referencias
Marmot MG. Understanding social inequalities in health. Perspect. Biol. Med 2003;46(supl.3):S9-S23.
Rodgers GG. Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: An international cross-section analysis. Pop. Stud 1979; 33:343-351.
Wilkinson RG. Income distribution and life expectancy. Br. Med. J 1992; 304:165-168.
Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Glass R, Prothrow-Stith D. Income distribution, socioeconomic status, and self rated health in the United States: Multilevel analysis. Br. Med. J 1998; 317:917-921.
Subramanian SV, Kawachi I. Income inequality and health: What have we learned so far? Epidemiol. Rev 2004; 26:78-91.
Lochner K, Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. Social capital: A guide to its measurement. Health Place 1999; 5:259-270.
Kawachi I, Berkman L. Social cohesion, social capital, and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 174.
Bjørnskov C. The happy few. Cross-country evidence on social capital and life satisfaction. Kyklos 2003; 56:3-16.
Putnam RD. Making democracy work. Princeton: University Press; 1993.
Narayan D, Cassidy MF. A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: Development and validation of a social capital inventory. Curr. Sociol 2001; 49:59-105.
Sampson RJ, Groves WB. Community structure and crime: Testing social disor ganization theory. Am. J. Sociol 1989; 94:774-802.
Saegert S, Winke G. Crime, social capital, and community participation. Am. J. Community Psychol 2004; 34:219-233.
McMullan M. A theory of corruption. Soc. Rev 1961; 9:181-201.
Boltvinik J. La pobreza en México. II. Magnitud. Salud Publica Mex 1995; 37:298-309.
Paldam M. Corruption and religion adding to the economic model. Kyklos 2001; 54:383-414.
McCann JC. A technique for estimating life expectancy with crude vital rates.Demography 1976;13:259-272.
Arriaga EE. Measuring and explaining the change in life expectancies. Demography 1984; 21:83-96.
Tuirán-Gutiérrez R. La distribución del ingreso monetario en México. Este País; 2003. p. 142.
Haidich AB, Ioannidis JP. The Gini coefficient as a measure for understanding accrual inequalities in multicenter clinical studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol 2004; 57:341-348.
Transparencia Mexicana. Encuesta Nacional de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno 2001 [Internet] Disponible en: http://www.transparenciamexicana.org.mx. Acceso: 15 de febrero de 2005.
Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K, Prothrow-Stith D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. Am. J. Public Health 1997; 87:1491-1498.
Newhouse JP, McClellan M. Econometrics in outcomes research: The use of instrumental variables. Annu. Rev. Public Health 1998; 19:17-34.
Hausman J. Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica 1978; 46:1251-1271.
Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Cohen RD, Heck KE, Balfour JL, Yen IH. Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States. Am. J. Public inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States. Am. J. Public Health 1998; 88:1074-1080.
Lynch J, Smith GD, Hillemeier M, Shaw M, Raghunathan T, Kaplan G. Income,inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: Comparisons of wealthy nations.Lancet 2001; 358:194-200.
Muntaner C, Lynch J. Income inequality, social cohesion, and class relations: A critique of Wilkinson's neo-Durkheimian research program. Int. J. Health Serv 1999; 29:59-81
Navarro V, Shi L. The political context of social inequalities and health. Soc. Sci. Med,2001; 52:481-491.
Braveman P, Tarimo E. Social inequalities in health within countries: Not only an issue, for affluent nations. Soc. Sci. Med 2002; 54:1621-1635.
Deaton A. Health, inequality, and economic development. J. Econ. Lit 2003; 41:113- 158.
Coburn D. Beyond the income inequality hypothesis: Class, neo-liberalism, and health.inequalities. Soc. Sci. Med 2004; 58:41-56.
Greenland S. Ecologic versus individual-level sources of bias in ecologic estimates of contextual health effects. Int. J. Epidemiol 2001; 30:1343-1350.
Merrell F. The Mexicans: A sense of culture. Oxford: Westview Press; 2003.
Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. The relationship of income inequality to mortality: Does the choice of indicator matter? Soc. Sci. Med 1997; 45:1121-1127.
Blakely TA, Lochner K, Kawachi I. Metropolitan area income inequality and self-rated health a multilevel study. Soc. Sci. Med 2002; 54:65-77.
Cómo citar
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Descargar cita
Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo
Descargas
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Esta revista provee acceso libre inmediato a su contenido bajo el principio de que hacer disponible gratuitamente investigación al publico apoya a un mayor intercambio de conocimiento global.
Todos los contenidos de esta revista, excepto dónde está identificado, están publicados bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
