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Hacia una salud pública pluralista: el caso de los plaguicidas y la salud humana
Toward a pluralistic public health: the case of pesticides and human health
Palabras clave:
Investigación cualitativa, conocimiento, salud pública, plaguicida (es)Qualitative research, knowledge, public health, pesticide (en)
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El método epidemiológico es considerado la forma estándar de estudiar los problemas de salud pública. Debido a la complejidad de los problemas sanitarios, en las últimas décadas algunos autores llamaron al uso de métodos cualitativos. En este ensayo se muestra que el uso complementario de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos es conservador y limitado, por lo que se sugiere que la salud pública requiere utilizar diversas aproximaciones epistemológicas, y no solo conjugar métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos. El caso de los plaguicidas y los efectos en la salud humana es usado como ejemplo para mostrar los aportes y limitaciones de diferentes modelos teóricos en salud pública (sanitarista, biomédico, epidemiológico clásico, higienista-preventivo, ecologista, epidemiológico social, económico, material-histórico y neoconservador), así como para poner en evidencia la necesidad de usar diferentes aproximaciones epistemológicas. Se concluye que una aproximación integradora permitirá que la salud pública sea más pluralista y democrática.
Suggesting that epidemiology should be employed as the standard means of studying public health problems. Some authors have called for the use of qualitative research methods during the last few decades due to the complexity of sanitary problems. The complementary use of quantitative and qualitative methods is conservative and limited, which is why it is suggested that public health should use diverse epistemological approaches and not just conjugate quantitative and qualitative methods. The case of pesticides and their effect on human health is used as an example to show different theoretical models' contribution towards and limitations on public health (i.e. sanitary, biomedical, classical epidemiological, hygienist-preventative, ecological, social-epidemiological, economic, material-historical and neoconservative) as well as expressing the need to use different epistemological approaches. An integrated approach will lead to more pluralist and democratic public health.
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