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Micotoxinas en la Salud Pública
Micotoxins in Public Health
Palabras clave:
Micotoxinas, salud pública, abastecimiento de alimentos, medicina veterinaria (es)Mycotoxins, public health, food supply, veterinary medicine (en)
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Las micotoxinas constituyen un problema en el ámbito mundial por su alta incidencia y niveles de ocurrencia en los alimentos para humanos y animales. Las condiciones de colonización de los sustratos por hongos micotoxigénicos así como su posterior contaminación con micotoxinas juegan un papel fundamental en las estrategias de vigilancia y control. Entre los principales hongos micotoxigénicos se encuentran los géneros Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. y Fusarium spp. Dentro de las familias más importantes de micotoxinas se encuentran: las aflatoxinas, los tricoticenos, la ocratoxina A, las fumonisinas y la zearalenona. Los diferentes mecanismos de acción tóxica de estas micotoxinas constituyen un riesgo para la salud humana y animal constituyéndose en una problemática de salud pública. En Colombia la situación es compleja dada la deficiente investigación al respecto, los estudios realizados en el país han demostrado que la contaminación de alimentos por algunas micotoxinas es significativa y que se deben formular políticas sanitarias para afrontar este limitante. Se discute el riesgo potencial de las micotoxinas para la salud pública, las dificultades en el diagnóstico y la legislación así como las implicaciones en la seguridad e inocuidad alimentaria.
Mycotoxins have become a worldwide problem due to their high incidence and levels of occurrence in human food and animal feed. The conditions for colonising substrates by mycotoxigenic fungus and later contamination by mycotoxins play an important role in surveillance and control strategies. The main mycotoxigenic funguses are the Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp genera, the main mycotoxins of interest for human health being aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and zearalenone. These mycotoxins toxic action mechanisms constitute a risk for both human and animal health, causing diseases in both populations. The situation in Colombia is complex due to the lack of research having been carried out; the few studies made to date have demonstrated the high levels of contamination of food and feed in the country. This paper discusses mycotoxins potential risk to public health, the difficulties involved in diagnosis and legislation and suggests policy implications for food safety.
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