Publicado

2026-04-14

Análisis numérico de los efectos del terreno sobre la propagación de pulsos electromagnéticos generados por rayos: aplicación a los Andes colombianos

Numerical Analysis of Terrain Effects on the Propagation of Lightning-Generated Electromagnetic Pulses: Application to the Colombian Andes

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/sicel.v12.121393

Palabras clave:

lightning electromagnetic pulses, Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD), terrain effects, topographic modeling, colombian Andes (es)

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Autores/as

  • Juan Diego Pulgarín Rivera Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
  • Camilo Younes Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Oscar Montoya Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas

Este artículo presenta un estudio numérico sobre la influencia del terreno montañoso real en la propagación de pulsos electromagnéticos generados por rayos (LEMP), con énfasis en la región de los Andes colombianos. Utilizando una formulación bidimensional del método de diferencias finitas en el dominio del tiempo (2D-FDTD) en coordenadas cilíndricas, se simula el comportamiento de los LEMP sobre perfiles topográficos realistas obtenidos de modelos digitales de elevación. Se analizan tres casos representativos para evaluar el efecto de los gradientes de elevación sobre la amplitud del campo, la forma de onda y el tiempo de llegada. Los resultados muestran que fenómenos como la difracción, reflexión e interferencia inducidos por el relieve pueden modificar significativamente el campo electromagnético observado, incluso bajo condiciones idealizadas de terreno y atmósfera. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar el relieve en la modelación de LEMP, especialmente en regiones con alta variabilidad altitudinal como los Andes. Los resultados tienen implicaciones para sistemas de localización de rayos, estudios de compatibilidad electromagnética y evaluación de riesgos en zonas de alta montaña.

This paper presents a numerical study of the influence of real mountainous terrain on the propagation of lightning-generated electromagnetic pulses (LEMPs), with a particular focus on the Colombian Andes. Using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) formulation in cylindrical coordinates, we simulate the behavior of LEMPs over realistic topographic profiles derived from digital elevation models. Three representative case studies are analyzed to evaluate the impact of elevation gradients on field amplitude, waveform shape, and time-of-arrival. Results show that terrain-induced effects—such as diffraction, reflection, and interference—can significantly modify the electromagnetic field observed at distant locations, even under idealized ground and atmospheric conditions. These findings highlight the need to account for topographic features when modeling LEMPs, especially in regions with extreme elevation variability such as the Andes. The outcomes are relevant for lightning location systems, electromagnetic compatibility studies, and lightning risk assessment in high-altitude environments.

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Citas

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