Publicado

2026-04-14

Nuevos factores de corrección por altitud de aislamiento en aire para al-ta y extra-alta tensión basado en física de descargas

Novel Altitude Derating Models for Air Insulation in HV and EHV Transmission Lines Informed by Discharge Phys-ics

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/sicel.v12.121767

Palabras clave:

sobretensiones, factor de corrección, altitud, descarga disruptiva, fotoionización (es)
correction factors, Air gap breakdown, Impulse voltage withstand, streamer discharge, high altitude (en)

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Autores/as

  • Martín Lavoria Coidea SA

En este trabajo se analizan críticamente las limitaciones de las normas internacionales vigentes para la corrección por altitud del aislamiento eléctrico en aire (IEC 60060-1, IEC 60071-2, GB/T 311.1) en líneas de transmisión; principalmente su validez a la hora de extrapolar sus fórmulas explícitas en altitudes por encima de 2.000 msnm y distancias en aire superiores a 2 m, aspectos para las cuales no fueron diseñadas inicialmente. El objetivo consiste en poder proponer nuevos factores de correcciones actualizados para dichas condiciones y optimizar así el dimensionamiento de componentes de las líneas aéreas de alta y extra-alta tensión, generalmente condicionado por la tensión resistida a onda de impulso de maniobra. A partir de fundamentos físicos detallados del fenómeno de ruptura dieléctrica —incluyendo mecanismos de formación de streamers, transiciones a líderes y ondas de retroceso— propios de campos eléctricos no uniformes en distancias grandes se proponen dos factores de corrección innovadores: el modelo Streamer-Líder (SL) y el modelo Lavoria. Ambos se explicitan, desarrollan y comparan frente a resultados experimentales en altitud de distintas fuentes. Se demuestra en esta primera etapa que dichas fórmulas reproducen con mayor fidelidad el comportamiento dieléctrico en altitud, reduciendo el error relativo respecto a los valores reales y permitiendo en forma sencilla decisiones de diseño más eficientes y seguras para proyectos eléctricos en zonas de gran altitud. Finalmente, se discuten posibles extensiones del modelo hacia casos de descargas disruptivas sobre superficie de un dieléctrico. Los modelos ofrecen así un puente entre la física detallada de descargas y la práctica de ingeniería de líneas aéreas.

This paper reviews and analyzes the limitations of current international standards (IEC 60060-1, IEC 60071-2, GB/T 311.1) regularly employed for altitude correction of air insulation in high-voltage and extra-high.-voltage transmission lines. These standards, however, were not developed using experimental data representative of certain conditions, such as altitudes above 2000 meters or air gaps exceeding 2 meters. As a result, their application in such contexts remains a significant challenge. These scenarios are however increasingly common in South America, for example due to infrastructure projects across mountainous regions where large-scale mining operations demand robust and reliable electrical systems. To address this gap, the paper introduces two novel correction models derived from a detailed physical analysis of dielectric breakdown in air, incorporating mechanisms such as streamer initiation, leader formation, and backward-propagating ionization waves. The proposed models —the Streamer-Leader (SL) model and the Lavoria model—are analytically formulated, calibrated using diverse experimental datasets, and benchmarked against existing standards. Results show that both models provide initially an accurate representation of air insulation behavior under switching impulses at high altitude. They significantly reduce relative error compared to experimental data and offer a practical tool for safer and more efficient design of EHV transmission lines in elevated terrains. Additionally, the paper discusses possible extensions of the models to flashover phenomena on solid dielectrics, thus bridging the gap between discharge physics and engineering practice.

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