Publicado

2026-04-14

Tropical meteorology as a scientific understanding of the high magnitude values ​​of lightning parameters in the tropical zone

La meteorología tropical, como comprensión científica de los altos valores de la magnitud de los parámetros del rayo en zona tropical

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/sicel.v12.126756

Palabras clave:

intertropical zone, lightning parameters, protection against lightning, tropical meteorology (en)
Zona intertropical, parámetros del rayo, protección contra rayos, meteorología tropical (es)

Descargas

Autores/as

To achieve scientific rigor, clarity, and precision, the general approach followed in this research consisted of analyzing the research hypothesis proposed between 1998 and 2002 by H. Torres, which has been tested and published in international academic literature: "the values ​​of the magnitudes of lightning parameters vary spatially and temporally." This hypothesis was then compared with the theory of tropical meteorology presented by Colombian researcher Jorge Álvarez Lleras. The analysis and discussion presented in this article demonstrate the contribution that the principles of tropical meteorology, with a focus on atmospheric physics and based on mathematical models of fluids, have made to the scientific understanding of lightning parameters in tropical areas.

Para lograr rigor científico, claridad y precisión, el enfoque general que se siguió en esta investigación, consistió en analizar la hipótesis de investigación planteada entre 1998-2002 por H. Torres, que ha sido probada y publicada en la literatura académica internacional: “los valores de las magnitudes de los parámetros del rayo, varían espacial y temporalmente”.  Esta hipótesis fue analizada con la teoría de la meteorología tropical presentada por el investigador colombiano Jorge Álvarez  Lleras. El análisis y discusión realizados en este artículo demuestran la contribución que los principios de la meteorología tropical, con enfoque en la física atmosférica y basados en modelos matemáticos de fluidos, han hecho a la comprensión científica de los altos valores de los parámetros de los rayos en áreas tropicales.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

[1] Albrecht, R., et. al. “Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth?”, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, USA, 2016.

[2] Anderson, R.B., “Lightning research in Southern Africa”, The transactions of the SA Institute of Electrical Engineers, April 1980.

[3] Álvarez Lleras, J. “Contribution to Colombian meteorology”. Proceedings of the Second Scientific Pan American Congress, Washington DC, USA, 1917.

[4] Álvarez Lleras, J. “Contribution to Colombian meteorology” (in Spanish). Journal of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Vol. 2, Bogota, Colombia, 1938.

[5] Álvarez Lleras J. “Elements of Tropical Meteorology” (in Spanish). Journal of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Vol. 3. No. 12, Bogotá, Colombia, pp 439-447, 1940.

[6] Aranguren, D., Lopez, J., Inampués, Torres, H., Betz, H. “Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in Colombia and the influence of topography”, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Elsevier, May 2016.

[7] Aranguren, D. “Performance of electrostatic field sensors in storm warning systems”, PhD thesis, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia, 2011.

[8] Colombian Technical Standard NTC4552-1,2 (in Spanish), Colombian Institute of Technical Standards ICONTEC, Bogota, Colombia, 2008.

[9] Cooper M. A. “Lightning injuries”. Wilderness Medicine, Fifth ed. Auerbach, Mosby. 2007.

[10] Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press, Inc., ISBN 0-19-509485-9, NY USA, 1996

[11] Garavito A, J. “The climate of Bogotá” (in Spanish). Journal of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, ISSN 0370-3908, Vol 3 (12): 361-372, Bogota, Colombia, 1938

[12] IEC 62305-1:2024 Protection against lightning - Part 1: General principles.

[13] IEC 62305-2:2024 Protection against lightning - Part 2: Risk management.

[14] IEC 61400-24:2019 Wind energy generation systems - Part 24: Lightning protection

[15] IEEE Std 1410-2010. IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines.

[16] Krider E. P. Benjamin Franklin and the First Lightning Conductors. Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology, USA, 2004.

[17] Lopez R., Holle R. “The Distribution of Summertime Lightning as a function of low-level wind flow in Central Florida”. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ESG-28. July, 1987.

[18] McEachron, K.B., “Lightning to the Empire State Building”, J. Franklin Inst., vol. 227 pp. 149-217, 1939.

[19] Mohd, Z., et al. “Application of Lightning Performance Analysis for a Tropical Climate Country”, First International Power and Energy Conference PECon 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia, November 28-29, 2006,

[20] Pinto Jr., O, et. al. “Maximum cloud-to-ground lightning flash densities observed by lightning location systems in the tropical region: A review”, Elsevier Atmospheric Research xx 2006.

[21] N. Navarrete, M.A. Cooper, R. Holle. “Lightning fatalities in Colombia from 2000 to 2009”. Nat Hazards. DOI 10.1007/s11069-014-1254-9, 2010.

[22] Ogawa, T. and Brook, M. “Charge distribution in thunderstorm clouds”, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., vol. 95, pp. 513-525, 1969.

[23] Rubiano J.J, Paez S, Chacon C.A, Torres H, “Equation of lightning return current in tropical zones”, Journal of Physics, CITIE-2021, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2135/1/01 2007.

[24] Silveira, F., et al. “On the Lightning-Induced Voltage Amplitude: First Versus Subsequent Negative Strokes”, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 51, No. 3, August 2009.

[25] The International Meteorological Committee (1896). International Cloud Atlas, published by order of the Committee by H. Hildebrandsson, A. Riggenbach, L. Teisserenc de Bort, members of the Clouds Commission.

[26] Torres, H. Problems in the electrical reliability of wind turbines and photovoltaic cells (in Spanish). Journal Electric World, Vol. 147, Bogotá DC, 2024.

[27] Torres, H. “Interdisciplinarity in lightning science” (in Spanish), Journal of the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences. 41(159):174-186, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.475. Bogotá, Colombia, 2017.

[28] Torres, H., et al. “Contribution to Lightning Parameters Study Based on Some American Tropical Regions Observations”, IEEE Journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing, Vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 4086-4093, August 2015a.

[29] Torres, H. Lightning in the tropics, temporal certainties of research on the phenomenon of lightning. ISBN 978-958-775-454-4 (in Spanish). Collection of master notes, Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, 2015b

[30] Torres, H. Lightning, Myths, legends, science and technology ISBN 958-701-213-5 (in Spanish) Ed. National University - UNIBIBLOS, Bogotá, Colombia, 2002.

[31] Torres, H. Space and time in the lightning parameters, test on a research hypothesis (in Spanish), Research work presented to the National University of Colombia for promotion to the category of Full Professor. Bogotá, UN, June 1998.

[32] Torres, H., Rondón, D., Briceño, W., Barreto, L., “Lightning peak current estimation analysis from field measurements in tropical zones”, Proceedings 23rd. ICLP, Florence, Italy, Sep.1996.

[33] Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética, UPME. National Energy Plan, 2020-2050. Bogotá DC, 2020.

[34] Visacro, S., et.al. “Statistical Analysis of Lightning Current Parameters: Measurements at Morro do Cachimbo Station”. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D01105, 2004.

[35] Whipple, F.J.W. “On the association of the diurnal variation of electric potential in the weather with the distribution of thunderstorms over the globe”, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., vol. 55, pp 1-17, 1929.

[36] Winn, W.P., et al. “Video Tape recording of lightning flashes”, J. Geo. Res., vol. 78, pp.4515-4519, 1973.

[37] Wilks D.S. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, volume 2nd Edition. Elsevier, 2005.

[38] Wilson C. T. R. Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorm. Philos. Trans. A., (221):73–117, 1920.