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Bird Diversity Across an Andean City: The Limitation of Species Richness Values and Watershed Scales
Diversidad de aves en una ciudad andina: la limitación de los valores de riqueza de especies y la escala de cuenca
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https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v28n3.101974Palabras clave:
Aburrá Valley, Neotropical city, Tropical Andes, urban biodiversity, urbanization (en)Andes Tropicales, biodiversidad urbana, ciudad Neotropical, urbanización, Valle de Aburrá (es)
homogeneização biótica, cidade Neotropical, Andes Tropicais, biodiversidade urbana, urbanização (pt)
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Evaluating several biodiversity descriptors and considering several spatial scales might elucidate conservation issues and improve biodiversity monitoring in urban environments. We estimated species richness (order q = 0), Shannon diversity (order q = 1), and Simpson diversity (order q = 2) based on Hill numbers and performed cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to compare seven urban micro-watersheds and a peri-urban site across a northern Andean city (Medellín, Colombia). We found 113 diurnal resident bird species: 50 (44 %) exclusively within urban sites, 21 (19 %) exclusively in the periurban site, and 42 (37 %) shared species. Some urban watersheds had similar bird species richness to the periurban site, but Shannon and Simpson diversities were always lower, showing decrease in local bird diversity when abundances were considered. Bird species composition differed between urban watersheds and the periurban site, with all urban watersheds grouped altogether by cluster and NMDS analysis, and the periurban site forming its own group. This suggests homogenization of bird species composition due to the species turnover decreasing across urban areas, with endemic, near endemic and rare species restricted to periurban areas where native forest remnants persist. Several scales of biodiversity and analysis at more local scales are needed to better understand biodiversity patterns across Andean cities and to design urban planning strategies that prevent biodiversity loss.
La evaluación de varios indicadores de biodiversidad y considerar varias escalas espaciales podría evidenciar problemas de conservación y mejorar el monitoreo de biodiversidad en ambientes urbanos. Estimamos la riqueza de especies (orden q = 0) y las diversidades de Shannon (orden q = 1) y Simpson (orden q = 2) usando números de Hill, y realizamos análisis de agrupamiento y escalamiento no métrico multidimensional (NMDS) para comparar siete microcuencas urbanas y un sitio periurbano en una ciudad del norte de los Andes (Medellín, Colombia). Encontramos 113 especies de aves residentes: 50 (44 %) exclusivamente dentro de la zona urbana, 21 (19 %) exclusivamente en el sitio periurbano y 42 (37 %) compartidas. Algunas cuencas urbanas tuvieron una riqueza de especies similar al sitio periurbano, pero las diversidades de Shannon y Simpson fueron siempre menores, mostrando patrones más claros de reducción de diversidad de aves al considerar las abundancias. La composición de especies de aves se diferenció entre zonas urbanas y el sitio periurbano, con las microcuencas urbanas agrupándose entre sí en los análisis de agrupamiento y NMDS. El sitio periurbano formó su propio grupo, sugiriendo homogenización en la composición de especies de aves debido a la reducción de recambio de especies dentro de la zona urbana, con las especies endémicas, casi endémicas y raras restringiéndose a zonas periurbanas donde persisten remanentes de bosque nativo. Indicadores que evalúen varias escalas de biodiversidad y análisis que consideren escalas espaciales más locales son necesarios para entender mejor los patrones de biodiversidad en ciudades andinas y diseñar estrategias de planificación urbana que prevengan la pérdida de biodiversidad.
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