Publicado

2020-05-01

Use of Biochar in agriculture.

Uso del biocarbón en la agricultura

Uso do biocarvão na agricultura

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466

Palabras clave:

pyrolysis, mineralization, plant nutrition, carbon capture (en)
pirólisis, mineralización, nutrición vegetal, captura de carbono (es)
pirólise, mineralização, nutrição vegetal, captura de carbono (pt)

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The objective of this review is to show in a general way how biochar (BC) can be obtained and its effects on the physicochemical properties of soils and physiological behavior of cultivated plants. BC is a product rich in carbon that comes from the pyrolysis of biomass, generally of vegetable origin. BC is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter exposed to temperatures between 200-900 ºC in an atmosphere with low oxygen availability (pyrolysis), which can be slow, intermediate or fast. Depending on the biomass and the temperature used in its production, BC can contain high levels of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, among others. The main sources to produce biochar are forest, agroindustrial and manure residues. BC quality and physical-chemical characteristics will depend not only on the type of waste or plant material for production, but also on the plant photosynthetic apparatus. The high carbon contents present in organic matter, which are more resistant to biological and chemical decomposition, are stabilized by the pyrolysis process. When incorporated into the soil, BC remains stable for longer periods of time and is not volatilized into the atmosphere; this allows BC to be considered as an important compound for the mitigation of the impacts of polluting substances. Additionally, it has been found that BC application improves the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, including fertility. This improvement generates positive responses in the physiological behavior of cultivated plants such as the increase of germination, accumulation of dry matter, photosynthetic rate, yield and quality of the harvested organ. BC use opens important doors for the sustainable management of agriculture in Colombia. It can be considered in production systems exposed to heavy metals such as vegetables and perennial species, in order to reduce the impact of these substances on human health.

El objetivo de esta revisión es mostrar en forma general como es el proceso de obtención de biocarbón (BC), sus efectos sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los suelos y el comportamiento fisiológico en plantas cultivadas. El BC es un producto rico en carbono que proviene de la pirólisis de biomasa generalmente de origen vegetal. El BC se obtiene mediante la descomposición de la materia orgánica en exposición a temperaturas entre 200-900 ºC en una atmósfera con baja disponibilidad de oxígeno (pirólisis), que puede ser lenta, intermedia o rápida. Dependiendo de la biomasa y la temperatura utilizada en su producción, el BC puede contener altos niveles de elementos como el carbono, nitrógeno, oxígeno, hidrógeno, azufre, entre otros. Las fuentes principales para producir biocarbón son: residuos forestales, agroindustriales y estiércol. La calidad y características físico-químicas del BC no solo dependerán del tipo de residuos o material vegetal para la producción, sino también del aparato fotosintético de las plantas Los altos contenidos de carbón presentes en la materia orgánica en una forma más resistente a la descomposición biológica y química es estabilizado por el proceso de pirólisis, que al ser incorporado al suelo se mantiene estable durante más tiempo y no es volatilizado a la atmósfera le permite ser considerada como un compuesto importante para la mitigación de los impactos de la polución de sustancias contaminantes. Adicionalmente, se ha encontrado que la aplicación de BC mejora las características fisicoquímicas del suelo, entre ellas la fertilidad, generando respuestas positivas en el comportamiento fisiológico de las plantas cultivadas como el incremento de la germinación, acumulación de materia seca, tasa fotosintética, rendimiento y calidad del órgano cosechado. El uso de BC abre ventanas importantes en el manejo sostenible de la agricultura en Colombia. Puede ser considerado en sistemas de producción expuestos a metales pesados como las hortalizas y especies perennes, con fines de reducir su impacto en la salud humana.
O objetivo desta revisão é mostrar de maneira geral como o biochar (BC) pode ser obtido e seus efeitos nas propriedades físico-químicas dos solos e no comportamento fisiológico de plantas cultivadas. O BC é um produto rico em carbono proveniente da pirólise da biomassa, geralmente de origem vegetal. O BC é obtido pela decomposição de matéria orgânica exposta a temperaturas entre 200-900 ºC em atmosfera com baixa disponibilidade de oxigênio (pirólise), que pode ser lenta, intermediária ou rápida. Dependendo da biomassa e da temperatura utilizada em sua produção, o BC pode conter altos níveis de elementos como carbono, nitrogênio, oxigênio, hidrogênio, enxofre, entre outros. As principais fontes de produção de biochar são resíduos florestais, agroindustriais e de esterco. A qualidade da BC e as características físico-químicas dependerão não apenas do tipo de resíduo ou material vegetal para produção, mas também do aparato fotossintético da planta. Os altos teores de carbono presentes na matéria orgânica, mais resistentes à decomposição biológica e química, são estabilizados pelo processo de pirólise. Quando incorporado ao solo, o BC permanece estável por períodos mais longos e não é volatilizado para a atmosfera; isso permite que o BC seja considerado um composto importante para a mitigação dos impactos de substâncias poluentes. Além disso, verificou-se que a aplicação de BC melhora as características físico-químicas do solo, incluindo a fertilidade. Essa melhora gera respostas positivas no comportamento fisiológico de plantas cultivadas, como o aumento da germinação, acúmulo de matéria seca, taxa fotossintética, rendimento e qualidade do órgão colhido. O uso da BC abre importantes portas para o manejo sustentável da agricultura na Colômbia. Pode ser considerado em sistemas de produção expostos a metais pesados, como vegetais e espécies perenes, a fim de reduzir o impacto dessas substâncias sobre a saúde humana.

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Cómo citar

APA

Sanchez-Reinoso, A. D., Ávila-Pedraza, E. A. y Restrepo, H. (2020). Use of Biochar in agriculture. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 25(2), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466

ACM

[1]
Sanchez-Reinoso, A.D., Ávila-Pedraza, E.A. y Restrepo, H. 2020. Use of Biochar in agriculture. Acta Biológica Colombiana. 25, 2 (may 2020), 327–338. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466.

ACS

(1)
Sanchez-Reinoso, A. D.; Ávila-Pedraza, E. A.; Restrepo, H. Use of Biochar in agriculture. Acta biol. Colomb. 2020, 25, 327-338.

ABNT

SANCHEZ-REINOSO, A. D.; ÁVILA-PEDRAZA, E. A.; RESTREPO, H. Use of Biochar in agriculture. Acta Biológica Colombiana, [S. l.], v. 25, n. 2, p. 327–338, 2020. DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/79466. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2024.

Chicago

Sanchez-Reinoso, Alefsi David, Edgar Alvaro Ávila-Pedraza, y Hermann Restrepo. 2020. «Use of Biochar in agriculture». Acta Biológica Colombiana 25 (2):327-38. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466.

Harvard

Sanchez-Reinoso, A. D., Ávila-Pedraza, E. A. y Restrepo, H. (2020) «Use of Biochar in agriculture»., Acta Biológica Colombiana, 25(2), pp. 327–338. doi: 10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466.

IEEE

[1]
A. D. Sanchez-Reinoso, E. A. Ávila-Pedraza, y H. Restrepo, «Use of Biochar in agriculture»., Acta biol. Colomb., vol. 25, n.º 2, pp. 327–338, may 2020.

MLA

Sanchez-Reinoso, A. D., E. A. Ávila-Pedraza, y H. Restrepo. «Use of Biochar in agriculture». Acta Biológica Colombiana, vol. 25, n.º 2, mayo de 2020, pp. 327-38, doi:10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466.

Turabian

Sanchez-Reinoso, Alefsi David, Edgar Alvaro Ávila-Pedraza, y Hermann Restrepo. «Use of Biochar in agriculture». Acta Biológica Colombiana 25, no. 2 (mayo 1, 2020): 327–338. Accedido abril 18, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/79466.

Vancouver

1.
Sanchez-Reinoso AD, Ávila-Pedraza EA, Restrepo H. Use of Biochar in agriculture. Acta biol. Colomb. [Internet]. 1 de mayo de 2020 [citado 18 de abril de 2024];25(2):327-38. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/79466

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