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Integrated agronomic practices to improve cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) productivity: A systematic review
Prácticas agronómicas integradas para mejorar la productividad de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v43n3.121013Keywords:
mineral nutrition, ecophysiology, agroforestry, ecological stability (en)nutrición mineral, ecofisiología, agroforestería, estabilidad ecológica (es)
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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation is strategic for sustainable rural development in the tropics; however, yields remain low due to inadequate agronomic practices. This systematic review aims to identify agronomic management practices that increase cocoa crop yield by conducting a systematic search of Scopus following the PRISMA methodology. A total of 134 original scientific articles were selected from 2015 to 2025. Their data were analyzed using bibliometric tools such as R-Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, enabling identification of trends, key authors, and the frequency of agronomic practices. Approximately 12 key agronomic practices were identified, with the most relevant and widely studied being soil amendment, fertilization, agroforestry systems, pruning, irrigation systems, and phytosanitary control, implemented throughout the production cycle, from the nursery stage to the crop production phase. Limitations were identified, including the lack of longterm trials and the limited availability of specific data for local edaphoclimatic conditions, highlighting the need to strengthen applied research. This review demonstrates that when agronomic practices are employed in an integrated manner, they are essential for enhancing sustainability and productivity by more than 40%. Several challenges are addressed in implementing adequate agronomic practices for the cocoa crop in Colombia.
El cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es estratégico para el desarrollo rural sostenible en los trópicos, pero su rendimiento continúa siendo bajo debido a prácticas agronómicas inadecuadas. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo identificar las prácticas de manejo agronómico que han demostrado aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo de cacao, mediante una búsqueda sistemática en Scopus siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. Se seleccionaron 134 artículos científicos originales publicados entre 2015 y 2025, cuyos datos fueron procesados mediante herramientas de análisis bibliométrico con R-Bibliometrix y VOSviewer, lo que permitió identificar tendencias, autores clave y frecuencia de prácticas agronómicas. Se identificaron aproximadamente 12 prácticas agronómicas clave, siendo las más relevantes e investigadas: enmienda, fertilización, sistemas agroforestales, podas, sistemas de riego y control fitosanitario, implementadas a lo largo del ciclo productivo, desde la etapa de vivero hasta la fase de producción del cultivo. Se identificaron limitaciones asociadas a la falta de ensayos de largo plazo y la escasa disponibilidad de datos específicos para las condiciones edafoclimáticas locales, lo que resalta la necesidad de fortalecer la investigación aplicada. Esta revisión demuestra que las prácticas agronómicas, al ser implementadas de forma integrada, son esenciales para incrementar la sostenibilidad y la productividad en más del 40% en el cultivo del cacao. Se abordan varios desafíos relacionados con la implementación de prácticas agronómicas adecuadas para el cultivo de cacao en Colombia.
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