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The position in the canopy affects the quality of tropical and subtropical fruits
La posición en el dosel afecta la calidad de frutos tropicales y subtropicales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v44n1.122292Keywords:
fruit acidity, antioxidants, physiological disorders, cacao diseases, solar radiation, soluble solids (en)acidez del fruto, antioxidantes, desórdenes fisiológicos, enfermedades, radiación solar, sólidos solubles (es)
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The position of tropical and subtropical fruits in the canopy is essential for determining their quality, as it is strongly influenced by solar radiation, which acts directly on the outer canopy or indirectly on the inner canopy. The objective of this review was to examine the role of fruit position within the tree canopy on fruit quality, with an emphasis on tropical and subtropical species. In general, fleshy fruits on the outside of the canopy, which are well exposed to sunlight, are distinguished by their greater firmness and content of total soluble solids, sugars, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids, and color, but also by H2O2 and O2−. Meanwhile, fruits inside the canopy not only accumulate higher amounts of the antioxidants peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), but also acidity. Fruit position also influences disease incidence, mainly due to shade and higher humidity within the canopy. At the same time, physiological disorders such as epidermal discoloration, cracking, or wrinkling are more common in fruits exposed to high radiation. The practices that influence the fruit’s exposure to light include pruning, thinning, bagging, and shading nets. Pruning branches and thinning fruits promote light penetration and overall fruit quality. Fruit bagging particularly improves its phytosanitary condition, while shading nets protect the outer fruits from sunburn. The sun-exposed position of the fruits accelerates their ripening, indicating that the canopy position is of great importance in determining the optimal time for harvesting.
La posición de los frutos tropicales y subtropicales en el dosel es muy importante para la determinación de su calidad, siendo influenciada en alto grado por la radiación solar, ya sea de forma directa, en la parte externa de la copa, o indirecta, en la parte interna del árbol. El objetivo de esta revisión fue estudiar el papel que desempeña la posición del fruto en la copa del árbol sobre la calidad del fruto con énfasis en especies tropicales y subtropicales. En general, los frutos en el exterior de la copa, con buena incidencia de la radiación, se distinguen por su mayor firmeza y contenido de sólidos solubles totales, azúcares, ácido ascórbico, actividad antioxidante, fenoles, carotenos, flavonoides y color, pero también de H2O2 y O2−. Mientras que los frutos en el interior de la copa no acumulan solamente una mayor cantidad de los antioxidantes peroxidasa (POD), ascorbato peroxidasa (APX), superoxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT), sino también acidez. La posición del fruto influye también en la presencia de enfermedades especialmente por la sombra y mayor humedad en el interior de la copa, mientras que fisiopatías como decoloración, rajado o arrugamiento de la epidermis se observan más en frutos expuestos a alta radiación. Los manejos que influyen en la exposición del fruto a la luz son especialmente la poda, el raleo y el embolsado del fruto, además del sombrío del árbol. La poda de ramas y el raleo de frutos fomentan la entrada de la luz y la calidad en general. El embolsado del fruto mejora especialmente su estado fitosanitario, mientras las polisombras protegen los frutos externos de las quemaduras del sol. La posición soleada del fruto adelanta su maduración, lo que significa que la posición del fruto tiene una gran importancia en la elección del momento óptimo para la cosecha.
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