Spatial modeling and mapping of foliar manganese variability in greenhouse-grown Rosa spp.
Modelamiento espacial y mapeo de la variabilidad foliar de manganeso en Rosa spp. bajo condiciones de invernadero
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v43n3.123062Keywords:
precision agriculture, VIS-NIR spectroscopy, optical sensors, heat maps, predictive models, foliar nutrients, ornamental crops, Ordinary Kriging (en)agricultura de precisión, espectroscopía VIS-NIR, sensores ópticos, mapas de calor, modelos predictivos, nutrientes foliares, cultivos ornamentales, kriging ordinario (es)
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This study evaluated the spatial variability of manganese (Mn) leaf concentrations in greenhouse grown roses (Rosa spp.) using interpolation techniques applied to spectral data and compared the performance of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Ordinary Kriging (OK). Four foliar samplings (S1-S4) were tested in 25 plots, with data validated by laboratory analyses and interpolated using both methods. Accuracy was assessed through RMSE (root mean square error), MAE (mean absolute error), bias, R², and Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC). Results showed that neither method was consistently superior. In S1, S3, and S4, both methods achieved R² and CCC values above 0.70 with RMSE ranging from 13 to 16, while in S2, IDW clearly outperformed kriging due to a poor variogram fit. Overall, IDW provided greater stability in scenarios with weakly defined structures, whereas kriging more realistically captured heterogeneity when semivariograms revealed clear spatial dependence. Local discrepancies between methods reached ±20 mg kg-1, mainly at block borders and in areas with lower sampling density. These findings demonstrate that the choice of interpolation method depends on the quality, sampling density, and the nature of the analyzed variable. This work represents a novel contribution to greenhouse floriculture by introducing spatial interpolation tools as decision-support systems for precision agriculture, enabling the visualization of intra-block variability and the design of more targeted fertilization strategies with potential integration into digital agricultural management platforms in the future.
El presente estudio evaluó la variabilidad espacial espacial de las concentraciones foliares de manganeso (Mn) en rosa (Rosa spp.) bajo invernadero mediante técnicas de interpolación aplicadas a datos espectrales, con el objetivo de comparar el desempeño de Distancia Inversa Ponderada (DIP) y Kriging ordinario (KO). realizaron cuatro muestreos foliares (S1 S4) en 25 parcelas, cuyos datos se validaron con análisis de laboratorio y se interpolaron con ambos métodos, evaluando su precisión mediante RECM (raíz del error cuadrático medio), MAE (error absoluto medio) sesgo, R² y Coeficiente de Correlación de Concordancia (CCC). Los resultados mostraron que ninguno de los métodos fue consistentemente superior: en S1, S3 y S4 ambos alcanzaron valores de R² y CCC superiores a 0,70 con RMSE entre 13 y 16, mientras que en S2 la DIP superó ampliamente a Kriging debido a un ajuste variográfico deficiente. En general, DIP ofreció mayor estabilidad en escenarios con estructuras poco definidas, mientras que Kriging capturó con mayor realismo la heterogeneidad cuando los semivariogramas evidenciaron dependencia clara. Las discrepancias locales entre métodos alcanzaron hasta ±20 mg kg-1, concentrándose en bordes y zonas con baja densidad de muestreo. En conjunto, los hallazgos demuestran que la selección del método depende de la calidad del ajuste variográfico, la densidad de muestreo y la naturaleza de la variable analizada. Este trabajo representa un aporte novedoso para la floricultura bajo invernadero, al introducir herramientas de interpolación espacial como soporte a la agricultura de precisión, facilitando la visualización de la variabilidad intra-lote y ofreciendo insumos para decisiones agronómicas más específicas con potencial de integración futura en plataformas digitales de gestión.
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