Published
Field detection of soil properties through sensors: A review
Detección en campo de las propiedades de suelos a través de sensores: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v44n1.125222Keywords:
electrochemical sensing, electromagnetic induction, environmental monitoring, measurement principles, soil moisture (en)sensado electroquímico, inducción electromagnética, monitoreo ambiental, principios de medición, humedad del suelo (es)
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Soil condition is considered critical for crop development. As such, there has been an interest in more detailed, site-specific management techniques that adapt to different resolution scales based on the production area. However, farmers sometimes ack access to conventional sampling systems due to insufficient knowledge or technical support. In addition, laboratory processing times and costs may not align with the needs of agronomic activities of land preparation, fertilization, and weed control. Obtaining results from a single spatial point through laboratory processing can also be highly uncertain, as it may not constitute a representative spatial sample. The aim of this article was to review various strategies for detecting soil properties, focusing on field methods and sensors, and to present comprehensive information on the operating principles, while considering factors affecting the calibration and operation of different devices. This will aid in precision agriculture applications, depending on the limitations of the analyzed devices. The article presents an analysis of different soil characteristics and the related sensors to measure them. A relationship exists between the operating principles, technological development through invention patents, and the availability of commercial-scale equipment for selecting a field sensor. The results suggest a commercial predominance of sensors primarily focused on optical and electromagnetic principles. However, a significant opportunity exists to explore electrochemical principles, particularly for complex soil variables, such as soil organic carbon.
Las condiciones del suelo se consideran críticas para el desarrollo de los cultivos. Por ello, se ha impulsado la adopción de técnicas de gestión de manejo más específicas para cada lugar, que se adapten a diferentes escalas de resolución según el área de producción. El acceso a sistemas de muestreo convencionales en ocasiones es para los agricultores por falta de conocimiento al respecto o por apoyo técnico insuficiente. Además, los costos y tiempos de procesamiento de la información a escala de laboratorio pueden estar en desfase con las proyecciones para el desarrollo de actividades agronómicas como, por ejemplo, preparación de terrenos, siembras, fertilización, riego y control de arvenses. Estos resultados, al ser obtenidos sobre un punto espacial con procesamiento en un laboratorio, pueden tener alta incertidumbre, por no tratarse de una muestra espacial representativa. El objetivo de este artículo fue revisar diferentes estrategias para la detección de características de los suelos, con énfasis en los métodos y sensores de campo, presentando información detallada a partir de principios de operación identificados, entendiendo los factores que afectan la calibración y operación de diferentes dispositivos para considerar aplicaciones alineadas con la agricultura de precisión, en función de las limitaciones de uso para los dispositivos analizados. Se presenta un análisis para diferentes características de los suelos y los sensores relacionados para su medición. Existe una relación entre los principios operativos, el desarrollo tecnológico a través de patentes de invención y la disponibilidad de equipos a escala comercial para seleccionar un sensor de campo. Los resultados sugieren una predominancia comercial de los sensores enfocada principalmente en aquellos relacionados con principios ópticos y electromagnéticos. Sin embargo, se identifica una gran oportunidad de exploración de los principios electroquímicos sobre todo para variables complejas, tales como el carbono orgánico del suelo.
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