Influence of some environmental factors on the feijoa (Acca sellowiana [Berg] Burret): A review
Efecto de algunos factores ambientales sobre la feijoa (Acca sellowiana [Berg] Burret): Una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n3.88982Keywords:
growth temperature, base temperature, cold adaption, solar radiation, altitude, wind (en)temperatura de crecimiento, temperatura base, adaptación al frío, radiación solar, altitud, viento (es)
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Climatic alterations affect the physiology, growth and production of the feijoa, a native plant to the higher zone between Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina. In Colombia, optimal growth temperatures are between 13 and 21°C (16°C). Very high temperatures (>32°C) affect pollination and fruit set, but low temperatures down to -4°C in adult plants do not cause significant damage. Thus, feijoa is a well-adapted plant to cold conditions since 3.04°C has been found as the base (minimum) temperature for the phase between flower bud and fruit set, while 1.76°C was measured as the base temperature for fruit development. The plant requires a minimum of 1000 hours of direct sunlight/year (optimum≥1500); the pyramidal form of the tree favors the entry of light into the crown organs. In the crown of a feijoa tree, trained with three branching levels of horizontal bent primary laterals, the outer middle quadrant produces the largest fruits, compared to those that grow in the upper quadrant. The reduced fruit growth is due to the excessive incidence of light (especially UV) and heat on these fruits on the periphery of the tree. In Colombia, altitudes between 1800 and 2700 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) are adequate for growth and production of this fruit, while lower elevations favor the incidence of fruit flies. Precipitations between 700 and 1200 mm/year (max. 2000 mm) benefit the vegetative and reproductive performance of the tree, with an important drier season at the beginning of the reproductive season (flowering and fruit set). Due to the strength of its branches and the small, thick leaves, the tree is relatively wind resistant.
Las alteraciones del clima afectan la fisiología, crecimiento y producción de la feijoa, planta originaria de la zona alta entre Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay y Argentina. En Colombia encuentra temperaturas óptimas entre 13 y 21°C (16°C), mientas que las temperaturas muy elevadas (>32°C) afectan la polinización y el cuajado de frutos, en tanto que las temperaturas hasta -4°C en plantas adultas no causan daños significativos. Así, la feijoa es una planta bien adaptada a condiciones de frío debido a que se registró 3.04°C como la temperatura base (la
mínima) para la fase entre botón floral y cuajado del fruto y solamente 1.76°C como la temperatura base para el desarrollo del fruto. La planta exige mínimo 1000 horas de brillo solar/año (óptimo≥1500) y la formación piramidal del árbol favorece la entrada de luz a los órganos de la copa. En una copa de feijoa, formada en tres pisos con ramas laterales horizontales, el cuadrante medio externo produce los frutos más grandes, comparado con los que crecen en el cuadrante superior de la copa. El crecimiento reducido se debe a la excesiva incidencia lumínica (especialmente UV) y de calor sobre estos frutos en la periferia del árbol. En Colombia altitudes entre 1800 y 2700 msnm son adecuadas para el crecimiento y la producción, mientras elevaciones más bajas favorecen la incidencia de la mosca de la fruta. Las precipitaciones entre 700 y 1200 mm/año (máx. 2000 mm) benefician el desempeño vegetativo y reproductivo del árbol, siendo un tiempo más seco importante al comienzo de la época reproductiva (floración y cuajado de frutos). Por la estructura fuerte de sus ramas y hojas pequeñas y gruesas el árbol es relativamente resistente al viento.
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Creado a partir de la obra en http://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/agrocol/.