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Causes of fruit cracking in the era of climate change. A review
Causas del rajado de frutos en la era del cambio climático. Una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v39n2.97071Keywords:
mineral nutrition, climate, heavy rains, fleshy fruits, fruit growing, physiological disorders (en)nutrición mineral, clima, lluvias intensas, frutos carnosos, fruticultura, fisiopatías (es)
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The objective of this review was to report on advances in environmental, cultural, and physiological aspects of fleshy fruit cracking to reduce or avoid this disorder, which affects many fruit species. Cracking is a physiological disorder that limits the production and quality of fleshy fruits because it affects the exocarp and mesocarp, especially with climate change and variability. Fruit cracking is generated by external factors (agronomic and environmental) and internal factors, several of which require exhaustive study. The incidence of cracking varies widely according to climatic characteristics during fruit development, different fruit species and varieties, growth sites, and crop management. This physiological disorder is aggravated by increases in rain intensity, especially after a dry season or in areas with increased temperatures. Knowledge on causes of cracking has generated management strategies that involve genetic improvement, ecophysiological conditions, agronomic practices such as pruning, irrigation, and fertilization (mainly with Ca, Mg, B, and K), applications of plant growth regulators, and use of plastic covers, etc. For several fruit trees, these strategies are effective, but in species such as the cape gooseberry, cracking remains without a full explanation or effective management.
El objetivo de esta revisión es informar sobre los avances en los aspectos ambientales, culturales y fisiológicos del rajado en los frutos carnosos más importantes para disminuir o evitar este desorden el cual afecta numerosas especies frutales. El rajado es una fisiopatía que limita la producción y la calidad de frutos carnosos porque afecta el exocarpio y el mesocarpio, especialmente en escenarios de cambio y variabilidad climática. El rajado del fruto es generado por actores externos (agronómicos y ambientales), e internos, varios de los cuales todavía son motivos de exhaustivo estudio. La incidencia del rajado varía ampliamente según las características climáticas durante el desarrollo del fruto, las diferentes especies frutales y variedades, además de los sitios de crecimiento y el manejo del cultivo. Esta fisiopatía se agrava por el aumento de la intensidad en las lluvias y especialmente cuando estas ocurren después de una época seca, igualmente en zonas donde ha aumentado la temperatura. El conocimiento de las causas del rajado ha permitido generar estrategias de manejo que involucran: mejoramiento genético y de condiciones ecofisiológicas, practicas agronómicas como podas, riego y fertilización (principalmente Ca, Mg, B y K), aplicación de fitorreguladores y uso de cubiertas plásticas, entre otros. En varios frutales estas estrategias son efectivas, pero en especies como la uchuva aún el problema del rajado permanece sin total explicación y manejo efectivo.
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5. Helber Enrique Balaguera Lopez, Gerhard Fischer, Stanislav Magnitskiy. (2024). Handbook of Goldenberry (Physalis Peruviana). , p.121. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15433-1.00011-X.
6. Ho-Jin Seo, Shailesh S. Sawant, Janghoon Song. (2022). Fruit Cracking in Pears: Its Cause and Management—A Review. Agronomy, 12(10), p.2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102437.
7. David Abekasis, Avi Sadka, Lior Rokach, Shilo Shiff, Michael Morozov, Itzhak Kamara, Tarin Paz-Kagan. (2024). Explainable machine learning for revealing causes of citrus fruit cracking on a regional scale. Precision Agriculture, 25(2), p.589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10084-y.
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9. Gerhard Fischer, Javier Orlando Orduz-Rodríguez, Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante. (2022). Sunburn disorder in tropical and subtropical fruits. A review. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 16(3) https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2022v16i3.15703.
10. Gerhard Fischer, Helber Enrique Balaguera-López, Luz Marina Melgarejo. (2024). Handbook of Goldenberry (Physalis Peruviana). , p.101. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15433-1.00010-8.
11. Paolo La Spada, Eva Dominguez, Alberto Continella, Antonio Heredia, Alessandra Gentile. (2024). Factors influencing fruit cracking: an environmental and agronomic perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1343452.
12. Luz Stella Barrero, Erika P. Sanchez-Betancourt, Gina A. Garzón-Martinez, Francy L. García-Arias, Jaime A. Osorio-Guarin, Victor M. Nuñez-Zarantes, Felix E. Enciso-Rodríguez. (2024). Handbook of Goldenberry (Physalis Peruviana). , p.39. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15433-1.00004-2.
13. Ho-Jin Seo, Shailesh S. Sawant, Byulhana Lee, Keumsun Kim, Janghoon Song, Eu Ddeum Choi. (2024). Mechanisms driving fruit cracking in ‘Sinhwa’ pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and effect of foliar fertilizer application on fruit quality. Scientia Horticulturae, 332, p.113232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113232.
14. Anderson Weber, Carine Borges Batista, Vanderlei Both, Francis Júnior Soldateli, Mateus Gusmão Barcelar, Andrei Soares Moura, Alex Oliveira Bitencourt, Vagner Ludwig. (2024). Quality attributes and volatile compounds of cape gooseberry fruit harvested at different maturity stages. Scientia Horticulturae, 328, p.112947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.112947.
15. Marilcen Jaime-Guerrero, Javier Giovanni Álvarez-Herrera, Gerhard Fischer. (2024). Effect of calcium on fruit quality: A review. Agronomía Colombiana, 42(1), p.e112026. https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v42n1.112026.
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