Una nación dividida: análisis del discurso político en redes sociales antes del plebiscito del acuerdo de paz con las FARC
A Divided Nation: Analysis of the Political Discourse in Social Networks Before the Plebiscite on the Peace Agreement With the Farc-Ep
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v36n106.111038Palabras clave:
redes sociales, discurso político, plebiscito paz, FARC (es)social networks, political discourse, peace plebiscite, FARC (en)
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El papel de las redes sociales en el aumento de la polarización política se ha vuelto un debate central desde 2016, año de la elección de Donald Trump como presidente de Estados Unidos y del triunfo del Brexit en el Reino Unido. Ese mismo año, el plebiscito para la ratificación del acuerdo de paz con la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) en Colombia fue rechazado después de una campaña marcada por la polarización de los debates en los medios y en las redes sociales. Esa polarización frente al acuerdo de paz sigue siendo central en los debates políticos nacionales. En este contexto, el artículo busca analizar cómo se profundizó la polarización política durante el proceso de paz en las redes sociales. Basándose en el análisis de los 11.621 posts más comentados en páginas y grupos de Facebook recogidos entre 2014 y 2017, este artículo demuestra que la comunicación violenta fomenta sentimientos de rabia y de miedo entre los usuarios. En un contexto de posconflicto, esta polarización no se limita al rechazo de las ideas de los opositores, sino que reproduce un vocabulario y unas dinámicas propias del conflicto armado. Por lo tanto, el artículo resalta la necesidad de una estrategia de construcción de paz en el ciberespacio que posibilite el diálogo entre opiniones políticas contrarias en Colombia.
The role of social media in the rise of political polarization has become a central debate since 2016 when Trump’s election as president of the United States and the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom took place. That same year, the plebiscite to ratify the peace agreement with the FARC guerrillas in Colombia was rejected after a campaign marked by polarizing debates on traditional and social media. This polarization vis-à-vis the peace agreement continues to be central in most national political debates. This paper analyzes how political polarization deepened during the peace negotiations on social media platforms. Based on the analysis of 11,621 most commented posts on Facebook pages and groups collected between 2014 and 2017, it demonstrates that violent communication fosters anger and fear among users. In a post-conflict context, this polarization is not limited to rejecting the opponents’ ideas but reproduces a vocabulary and dynamics typical of the armed conflict. Therefore, the article highlights the need for a peacebuilding strategy in cyberspace that enables a dialogue between opposing political opinions in Colombia.
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