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Análisis comparativo de los métodos de estimación del hidrograma unitario
Palabras clave:
Hidrograma Unitario, Métodos de estimación-Hidrología, lluvia-escorrentía (es)Descargas
El hidrograma unitario es uno de los modelos de lluvia-escorrentía más utilizado en hidrología. En general se puede decir que hay dos grandes grupos de modelos del hidrograma unitario: los hidrogramas unitarios sintéticos o regionalizados que no requieren información de lluvias y caudales para que puedan ser estimados, y los hidrogramas unitarios generalizados, o simplemente hidrogramas unitarios, que sí requieren información de lluvias y caudales para poderlos estimar. Se presenta en este trabajo una revisión general de los diferentes métodos propuestos en la literatura para estimar el hidrograma unitario. En total se revisaron e implementaron 35 métodos distintos de estimar el hidrograma unitario. Estos métodos se utilizaron para estimar el hidrograma unitario para tres cuencas ubicadas en Antioquia, se calcularon los respectivos hidrogramas de escorrentía directa, y se hizo un análisis comparativo de los resultados. Ese análisis muestra que hay un grupo de excelentes métodos de estimación del hidrograma unitario, mientras que un conjunto de métodos utilizados dan resultados poco satisfactorios. Estos resultados coinciden con resultados obtenidos en otras aplicaciones tanto en Colombia como en otras regiones del mundo, y son por lo tanto generalizables. Se presentan finalmente conclusiones y recomendaciones.
Unit hydrograph is probably the most used rainfall-runoff model in hydrology. In general it can be said that there are two general unit hydrograph models: the synthetic unit hydrograph model which can be estimated without rainfall-runoff data and the generalized unit hydrograph model which needs rainfall-runoff data. A general review of the proposed estimation procedures of the generalized unit hydrograph model is presented here. About 35 different estimation procedures were reviewed here. All the procedures were used to estimate the unit hydrograph in three watersheds of a Colombian region. Also the direct runoff hydrograph was estimated and a comparative analysis is presented. The results shows that there is a group of excellent estimation procedures and a group that does not gives good results. The obtained results are in agreement with results obtained in other reported researchs in Colombia and in the United States and Europe. Some conclusions and recommendations are also presented.
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