La guerra Rusia-Ucrania: ¿un conflicto intratable?
Russia-Ukraine War: An Intractable Conflict?
Palabras clave:
geopolítica, paz, seguridad, conflicto armado internacional, defensa, derecho internacional humanitario (es)defense, geopolitics, international armed conflict, International Humanitarian Law, intractability, peace, security (en)
Los conflictos armados internacionales en el siglo XXI se han vuelto cada vez más com- plejos en sus fuentes, evolución, tipos de enfrentamientos, escala, gestión y resolución. Este artículo analiza las características de los conflictos armados internacionales intratables con base en el enfoque de la transformación de los conflictos y la aplicación de los modelos de mapeo y curva de los conflictos. Se analizan el contexto, los actores, las causas, los pro- blemas y la dinámica de la guerra en curso entre Rusia y Ucrania para determinar si esta se perfila como un conflicto armado internacional intratable. Sin duda, la guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania es un conflicto armado internacional prolongado, con importantes posibilidades de que se transforme en un conflicto más amplio e intratable, por lo que es fundamental que los actores involucrados busquen alternativas a través de enfoques multifacéticos y diplomáticos para prevenir una escalada mayor y así encontrar soluciones sostenibles que promuevan la paz y la estabilidad en la región.
International armed conflicts in the 21st century have become increasingly complex in their sources, evolution, types of confrontations, scale, management, and resolution. This article analyzes the characteristics of intractable international armed conflicts based on the conflict transformation approach and the application of conflict mapping and curve models. The context, actors, causes, issues, and dynamics of the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine are examined to determine whether it is shaping up as an intractable international armed conflict. Undoubtedly, the Russia-Ukraine war is a protracted international armed conflict, with significant possibilities of evolving into a broader and intractable conflict. Therefore, it is crucial for the involved parties to seek alternatives through multifaceted and diplomatic approaches to prevent further escalation and find sustainable solutions that pro- mote peace and stability in the region.
Descargas
Citas
Akande, D. (2012). Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts. In E. Wilmshurst (Ed), International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (OUP 2012), 1-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2132573
Angstrom, J. (2001). Towards a Typology of Internal Armed Conflict: Synthesising a Decade of Conceptual Turmoil. Civil Wars, 4(3), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698240108402480
Boulding, K. E. (1962). Conflict and Defense: A General Theory. Harper and Row. Center for Preventive Action. (17 de octubre de 2023). War in Ukraine. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ukraine
Chotiner, I. (01 de marzo de 2022). Why John Mearsheimer Blames the US for the Crisis in Ukraine. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-john-mearsheimer-blames-the-us-for-the-crisis-in-ukraine
Coleman, P. (2000). Intractable Conflict. In M. Deutsch, P. Coleman and E. Marcus (Eds.), Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice (pp. 522-559). Jossey-Bass.
Coleman, P. T. (2003). Characteristics of Protracted, Intractable Conflict: Toward the Development of a Metaframework-I. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327949PAC0901_01
Contreras Peralta, J. (15 de marzo de 2022). Marco de análisis y comprensión de los conflictos internacionales en el siglo XXI. Contexto UDLAP. https://contexto.udlap.mx/marco-de-analisis-ycomprension-de-los-conflictos-internacionales-en-el-siglo-xxi/
Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la protección debida a las personas civiles en tiempo de guerra (Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra). Artículo 2. 12 de agosto de 1949. https://www.refworld.org.es/docid/58d56cd03a7.html
Deja, R. (2002). Conflict Analysis. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 17(2), 235- 253. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.10019
Ferraro, T. and Cameron, L. (2015). The Updated Commentary on the First Geneva Convention – a New Tool for Generating Respect for International Humanitarian Law. International Review of the Red Cross, 97(900), 1209-1226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S181638311600045X
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. (2007). Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts [RULAC]. https://www.rulac.org/.
Glasl, F. (1982). The Process of Conflict Escalation and Roles of Third Parties. In: G. B. J. Bomers and R. B. Peterson (Eds.), Conflict Management and Industrial Relations (pp. 119-140). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1132-6_6
Herbert, S. (2017). Conflict Analysis: Top Guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham. https://gsdrc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/ConflictAnalysis.pdf
Ho-Won, J. (2008). Understanding Conflict and Conflict Analysis. SAGE.
Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Khan, Z. and Habibullah, I. (2017). The Ukrainian Conflict and Options for Conflict Resolution. Journal of European Studies, 33(1), 16-32.
Koziej, S. (22 de julio de 2022). The Russia-Ukraine War: Scenarios for Euroatlantic Security. Geopolitical Intelligence Services AG. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/euroatlantic-security/
Lane, D. (2016). The International Context: Russia, Ukraine, and the Drift to East-West Confrontation. International Critical Thought, 6(4), 623-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2016.1242084
Lund, M. (1996). Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy. United States Institute of Peace Press.
Masters, J. (14 de febrero de 2023). Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia
Coleman, P. T. (2003). Characteristics of Protracted, Intractable Conflict: Toward the Development of a Metaframework-I. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327949PAC0901_01
Contreras Peralta, J. (15 de marzo de 2022). Marco de análisis y comprensión de los conflictos internacionales en el siglo XXI. Contexto UDLAP. https://contexto.udlap.mx/ marco-de-analisis-y-comprension-de-los-conflictos-internacionales-en-el-siglo-xxi/
Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la protección debida a las personas civiles en tiempo de guerra (Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra). Artículo 2. 12 de agosto de 1949. https://www.refworld.org.es/docid/58d56cd03a7.html
Deja, R. (2002). Conflict Analysis. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 17(2), 235- 253. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.10019
Ferraro, T. and Cameron, L. (2015). The Updated Commentary on the First Geneva Convention – a New Tool for Generating Respect for International Humanitarian Law. International Review of the Red Cross, 97(900), 1209-1226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S181638311600045X
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. (2007). Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts [RULAC]. https://www.rulac.org/.
Glasl, F. (1982). The Process of Conflict Escalation and Roles of Third Parties. In: G. B. J. Bomers and R. B. Peterson (Eds.), Conflict Management and Industrial Relations (pp. 119-140). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1132-6_6
Herbert, S. (2017). Conflict Analysis: Top Guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham. https:// gsdrc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/ConflictAnalysis.pdf
Ho-Won, J. (2008). Understanding Conflict and Conflict Analysis. SAGE.
Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Khan, Z. and Habibullah, I. (2017). The Ukrainian Conflict and Options for Conflict Resolution. Journal of European Studies, 33(1), 16-32.
Koziej, S. (22 de julio de 2022). The Russia-Ukraine War: Scenarios for Euroatlantic Security. Geopolitical Intelligence Services AG. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/euroatlantic-security/
Lane, D. (2016). The International Context: Russia, Ukraine, and the Drift to East-West Confrontation. International Critical Thought, 6(4), 623-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2016.1242084
Lund, M. (1996). Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy. United States Institute of Peace Press.
Masters, J. (14 de febrero de 2023). Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia
Mearsheimer, J. (23 de junio de 2022). The Causes and Consequences of Ukraine Crisis. The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/ causes-and-consequences-ukraine-crisis-203182
Mitchell, C. R. (1997). Intractable Conflicts: Keys to Treatment (Work Paper No. 10). Gernika Gogoratuz. https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/doc-10-intractable-conflicts-key-to-treatment.pdf
O’Loughlin, J., Toal, G. and Kolosov, V. (2017). The Rise and Fall of “Novorossiya”: Examining Support for a Separatist Geopolitical Imaginary in Southeast Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs, 33(2), 124-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452
Peacebuilding Center. (2013). Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) Handbook. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/ peace-and-conflict-impact-assessment-pcia-handbook-version-4-2013
Putin, V. (2021). On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians. President of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181
Putin, V. (24 de febrero de 2022). Address by the President of the Russian Federation. President of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843
Resource Pack. (2004). Conflict Sensitive Approaches to Development, Humanitarian Assistance and Peacebuilding: A Resource Pack. International Alert, Saferworld and FEWER.
Rosler, N., Hameiri, B., Bar-Tal, D., Christophe, D. and Azaria-Tamir, S. (2021). Current and Future Costs of Intractable Conflicts - Can They Create Attitude Change?. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681883
Salmón, E. y Rosales, P. (2014). Rusia y la anexión de Crimea o la crisis de la post Guerra Fría. Derecho PUCP, 73, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.18800/derechopucp.201402.007
Sinyakov, D. (25 de abril de 2005). Putin: Soviet Collapse a 'Genuine Tragedy'. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7632057
Smith-Höhn, J. (2009). A Strategic Conflict Assessment of Zambia (Monograph No. 158).
Institute for Security Studies Monographs. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/104311/M158FULL.pdf
Stepanova, E. (2020). Armed Conflicts in the Early 21st Century: Typology and Directions of Transformation. Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 64(6), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-6-24-39
Strand, H. and Hegre, H. (2021). Trends in Armed Conflict, 1946-2020 (Conflict Trends No. 03). Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). https://reliefweb.int/report/world/trends-armed-conflict-1946-2020
Uppsala University. (2022). Uppsala Conflict Data Program [UCDP]. https://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/
UNIAN. (27 de diciembre de 2018). Almost Entire Gray Zone in Donbas Liberated by Ukraine Without Minsk Deal Breach – Adviser. https://www.unian.info/war/10391709-almost-entire-grey-zone-in-donbas-liberated-by-ukraine-without-minsk-deal-breach-adviser.html
United State Institute for Peace [USIP]. (2003). Conflict-sensitive Approaches to Development, Humanitarian Assistance and Peace Building: Tools for Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment. https://www.international-alert.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Training-Development-Humanitarian-Assistance-Peacebuilding-EN-2004.pdf
Vité, S. (2009). Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law: Legal Concepts and Actual Situations. International Review of the Red Cross, 91(873), 69-94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S181638310999021X
VTSIOM. (18 de marzo de 2021). о восприятии россиянами событий 1991 года [La encuesta mostró el arrepentimiento de la mayoría de los rusos por el colapso de la URSS]. https://iz.ru/1139184/2021-03-18/opros-pokazal-sozhalenie-bolshinstva-rossiian-o-raspade-sssr
Yuhas, A. (26 de agosto de 2022). Miles de muertos y millones de refugiados: las cifras de la guerra en Ucrania. The New York Times (versión español). https://www.nytimes.com/es/2022/08/26/espanol/guerra-rusia-ucrania-costo-victimas.html
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Ciencia PolíticaTodos los documentos alojados en esta web están protegidos por la licencia CC Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia
ISSN En línea: 2389-7481
ISSN Impreso: 1909-230X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/cp
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá - Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas y Sociales - Departamento de Ciencias Políticas
