Publicado

2016-05-01

Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study

Gestión de riesgos de exposición ocupacional a las nanopartículas en un proyecto en desarrollo: Estudio de caso

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584

Palabras clave:

photocalytic ceramic tiles, risk assessment, systematic design analysis, inherently safer process. (en)
azulejos cerámicos fotocatalíticos, evaluación de riesgos, análisis sistemática de diseño, proceso inherentemente más seguro. (es)

Autores/as

The production of nanotechnology based products is increasing, along with the conscience of the possible harmful effects of some nanomaterials. Along with technological advances, there is the need to improve knowledge of safety and health and apply that knowledge to the workplace. The “safety-by-design” approaches are attracting attention as helpful tools to develop safer products and production processes. The Systematic Design Analysis Approach could help to identify the solutions to control workplace risks by defining the emission and exposure scenarios and the possible barriers to interrupt them. When managing risks during a photocatalytic ceramic tiles development project, it was possible to identify relevant nanoparticles emission scenarios and related barriers. Possible ways to reduce them could then be defined, which would in turn, lead to an inherently safer production process.
La producción de productos basados en la nanotecnología va en aumento, junto con la conciencia de los posibles efectos nocivos de algunos nanomateriales. Junto con los avances tecnológicos, existe la necesidad de mejorar el conocimiento de la seguridad y salud y aplicar ese conocimiento en los entornos laborales. La enfoques "Safety-by-design” están atrayendo la atención como herramientas útiles para desarrollar productos y procesos de producción más seguros. El enfoque de Análisis Sistemática de Diseño podría ayudar a identificar las soluciones para el control de los riesgos laborales mediante la definición de los escenarios de emisiones y de exposición y los posibles obstáculos a interrumpirlos. Cuando la gestión de riesgos durante un proyecto de desarrollo de las azulejos cerámicos fotocatalíticos, fue posible identificar escenarios de emisiones de las nanopartículas relevantes y las barreras relacionadas. Así, las posibles formas de reducirlos podrían ser definidas, lo que, a su vez, pueden dar lugar a un proceso de producción inherentemente más seguro.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584

Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study

Gestión de riesgos de exposición ocupacional a las nanopartículas en un proyecto en desarrollo: Estudio de caso

 

Francisco Silva,a b Pedro Arezes b & Paul Swuste c

 

a Technological Centre for Ceramic and Glass, Coimbra, Portugal. fsilva@ctcv.pt
b Human Engineering Group, Production and Systems Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. parezes@dps.uminho.pt
c Safety Science Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. P.H.J.J.Swuste@tudelft.nl

 

Received: December 09th, 2015. Received in revised form: March 18th, 2016. Accepted: April 12th, 2016.

 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


Abstract
The production of nanotechnology based products is increasing, along with the conscience of the possible harmful effects of some nanomaterials. Along with technological advances, there is the need to improve knowledge of safety and health and apply that knowledge to the workplace. The "safety-by-design" approaches are attracting attention as helpful tools to develop safer products and production processes. The Systematic Design Analysis Approach could help to identify the solutions to control workplace risks by defining the emission and exposure scenarios and the possible barriers to interrupt them. When managing risks during a photocatalytic ceramic tiles development project, it was possible to identify relevant nanoparticles emission scenarios and related barriers. Possible ways to reduce them could then be defined, which would in turn, lead to an inherently safer production process.

Keywords: photocalytic ceramic tiles; risk assessment; systematic design analysis; inherently safer process.

Resumen
La producción de productos basados en la nanotecnología va en aumento, junto con la conciencia de los posibles efectos nocivos de algunos nanomateriales. Junto con los avances tecnológicos, existe la necesidad de mejorar el conocimiento de la seguridad y salud y aplicar ese conocimiento en los entornos laborales. La enfoques "Safety-by-design" están atrayendo la atención como herramientas útiles para desarrollar productos y procesos de producción más seguros. El enfoque de Análisis Sistemática de Diseño podría ayudar a identificar las soluciones para el control de los riesgos laborales mediante la definición de los escenarios de emisiones y de exposición y los posibles obstáculos a interrumpirlos. Cuando la gestión de riesgos durante un proyecto de desarrollo de las azulejos cerámicos fotocatalíticos, fue posible identificar escenarios de emisiones de las nanopartículas relevantes y las barreras relacionadas. Así, las posibles formas de reducirlos podrían ser definidas, lo que, a su vez, pueden dar lugar a un proceso de producción inherentemente más seguro.

Palabras clave: azulejos cerámicos fotocatalíticos; evaluación de riesgos; análisis sistemática de diseño; proceso inherentemente más seguro.


 

1. Introduction

Photocatalytic ceramic tiles containing nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) have self-cleaning characteristics and are also able to transform some air pollutants like nitrogen oxides, contribute to a cleaner ambient air, and reveal anti-bacterial properties [1].

In general, the in-vitro and in-vivo tests done with both fine (particles with nominal diameter > 100 nm) and ultrafine TiO2 particles (with nominal diameter <100 nm, also called nanoparticles or nano-sized particles), have potentially harmful health effects in humans. TiO2 nanoparticles induce inflammatory responses in the lung tissue, particularly in high doses [2]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified TiO2 as "possibly carcinogenic to humans": a carcinogenic Group 2B substance [3]. In a review on the animal and human data relevant to assessing the carcinogenicity of TiO2, published in 2011, the National Institute for Safety and Health (NIOSH), concluded that exposure to ultrafine (or nano) TiO2 should be considered a potential occupational carcinogenic agent, and recommended an airborne exposure limit of 2.4 mg/m3 for fine TiO2 and 0.3 mg/m3 for ultrafine (including engineered nanoscale) TiO2 [4].

Some authors have been defending the need for methodologies that address the risks related to nanotechnologies, based on the processes or product design [5-7]. One approach cited in the literature is the "Design for Safer Nanotechnology" proposed by Morose [8] in which the author suggests an intervention during the design stage for nano-objects and products that incorporate them. Schulte et al. [5] also mention the Prevention through Design (PtD) initiative as a valuable methodology to manage occupational risks. Swuste and Zalk [9] also propose the use of design analysis to achieve safer production processes in the nanotechnology field.

The aim of this paper is to present the work that is carried out to establish a safer production process resulting from a development project. The underlying research questions are:

  • Does a design approach to the production line of photocatalytic ceramic tiles generate relevant emission scenarios and related barriers?
  • What are the possibilities of the Systematic Design Analysis Approach (SYDAPP) reducing emission scenarios during the production of photocatalytic ceramic tiles?
  • Could managing risks during the development phase of a new production process help to define safer processes?

 

2. Methodology

2.1. Framework

The work presented in this paper was performed during a photocatalytic ceramic tiles development project, using TiO2 (anatase) and employing a common ceramics production processes. It was part of a SELFCLEAN funded research project.

The project lasted for approximately two years, from the first exploratory tests to the final product prototype. The OSH intervention, including the work described in this paper, lasted six-months, plus another two months to produce the OSH issues report.

The project team included several materials science researchers and engineers from a university, a technological institute and a ceramic tile company, and one occupational safety and hygiene (OSH) practitioner.

Discussions on the health and safety aspects for the project were held on an interdisciplinary knowledge basis. These discussions were complemented by observation and information collection during laboratory sessions and semi-industrial tests that were performed during the project.

OSH issues were included in the agenda of three of the project's plenary meetings. For approximately 45 minutes in each of the meetings, the SYDAPP was presented and the team members had the opportunity to contribute their inputs to the process design analysis and related emission and exposure scenarios. The group discussions gathered contributions, particularly from the design analysis, the identification of emission and exposure scenarios and the possible barriers. The experts proposed alternative production principles and forms, including their feasibility evaluation, which helped to identify their impact on the possible scenarios. In parallel, several face-to-face informal meetings were held by the OSH practitioner with the other members of the group, including the ceramic company engineer and the university researchers, in order to refine knowledge on different options and confirm information collected during the meetings and project tests. Finally, the OSH practitioner, based on the collected information, produced a report for the project manager.

2.2. Systematic design analysis approach

Although occupational safety and hygiene research pays more attention to risk analysis [10], several authors in this domain have undertaken research in the safety by design field, especially the Safety Science Group from Delft University of Technology [11-13]. Swuste [10], for example, proposed a systematic approach towards solutions based on three complementary elements:

  • A hazard process model;
  • Design analysis;
  • A problem-solving cycle.

The two first elements are the basis for the SYDAPP. Combining the process design analysis with the emission and exposure scenarios, it is possible to acquire a clear vision of how the different process operations will affect a worker's exposure.

2.3. Hazard process model - Bow-tie

The bow-tie model is used in the safety science field as a tool to prevent the occurrence of accidents [14]. Its adaptation to the occupational hygiene field (see Fig. 1) helps to establish the necessary barriers to control risks arising from different workplace exposure scenarios [15]. The use of the bow-tie model as a support tool to risk management is also referred to by Fleury et al. [7]. An example of the use of this model, defining exposure scenarios and evaluating the risks during the production of carbon nanotubes polymer composites is presented in another article [16].

The bow-tie model also stresses the importance of management as the entity responsible for implementing the barriers [17].

When the bow-tie model and the design analysis are performed together, it is possible to have a detailed vision of the production process and the occupational risks related with the production process. Emissions and, consequently, exposure are identified on a production form level. Thus, the options to reduce emissions and exposure are usually limited to LEV and personal protective equipment. As these controls could become ineffective due to the high level of exposure, or their own characteristics, it is useful to act with production principles or production functions, which provide more operative controls.

2.4. Design analysis

The design analysis methodology allows workplace conditions to be understood and studied. In design analysis, the production process is split into three decision levels (see Fig. 2), , described below [10]:

  • Production function: is the highest level and divides the production process into its core activities, similar to unit operations;
  • Production principle: identifies the general process, motives, power, and operational control methods by which the production function can be achieved;
  • Production form: is the lowest level and specifies the detailed design by which the production principle will be accomplished.

If there are a large number of production processes, the type of functions (or unit operations in rigor) in which each process can be broke down is relatively small. The main unit operations categories are: material reception, material storage, transport and feed, processing, packaging, and waste disposal. The processing operations can be subdivided in subcategories that vary from one industry sector to other. When they are enumerated, they will allow the more effective and reasonable control measure or set of control measures to be applied in each particular situation to be studied. Some examples of processing production functions or unit operations in the ceramic tiles industry are milling, conformation, drying, glazing, firing and sorting, etc.

At the production principle level, it is possible to choose the type of process to achieve the function (eg., different shaping processes), the motive power (ex. electricity or fossil combustible), and the mode of operation (eg., manual operation, mechanical or automatic). There are hundreds of different production principles to undertake unit operations.

At the production form level the machine, the equipment, or set of equipment that will be used in the process is defined (e.g., the hydraulic press type, if shaping by press is the principle used to achieve the unit operation "conformation"). It is also at this level that the exposure controls are defined (e.g., a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) or a closed cabin).

From an occupational safety & health point of view, the focus on the production functions and principles will allow the less hazardous way to achieve the same production result to be found, the best available techniques to control the hazard can be chosen.

2.5. Risk and exposure assessment

In order to undertake risk assessment, a control banding based method was used: the CB Nanotool, which is a four by four matrix that relates severity parameters on one-axis and probability parameters on the other. The severity parameters consider physicochemical and toxicological properties of both nanomaterial and parent material, including, surface reactivity, particle shape and diameter, solubility, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. The probability band scores are based on factors affecting the potential exposure to the nanomaterial, namely, the estimated amount of chemical used in one day, dustiness, number of employees with similar exposure, frequency of operation and operation duration. The obtained control bands by risk level can be classified in RL1 - general ventilation, to RL4 - seek specialist advice [18].

For exposure assessment, the usual occupational hygiene method was used, namely the NIOSH 0500 for total dust [19]. This consists of collecting the airborne particles in one filter through filtering workplace air. The samples were personal, thus the filter support was placed in the worker's breathing area.

 

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Production process and the design analysis

After the preliminary tests, the planned photocatalytic ceramic tiles production process was defined and the use of already existing equipment in the ceramic production plant was proposed. Then, the first step was to detail the production process, dividing its functions, principles and forms (see Table 1). This work was performed during the project meetings, by getting contributions from all the project's team members.

The production process is similar to the usual ceramic tiles production process. The most relevant unit operations in the process are those related to the processing of raw materials and surface coating.

During a project meeting when contributions from team members were obtained, it was possible to define alternative production principles and forms for the production process. The possible options were the automation of the sack emptying operation, ultrasound agitation for raw materials mixing, and a few non-spraying techniques to apply the TiO2 aqueous suspension in the ceramic tiles (ex. roll printing, serigraphy or ink-jet). This information is presented in Table 2.

Beside the possible changes in the process itself, other possible action that has a positive impact in the emission and exposure scenarios, contemplated during the design analysis group discussions, was the acquisition of pre-prepared slurry. This would eliminate several unit operations, as the product would arrive at the facilities in liquid form. In particular, pouring raw materials (sack emptying) will be eliminated, which is a dusty operation in the production process.

Considering the bow-tie model together with the design analysis, it was possible to identify the emission scenarios and the barriers for each production function, and related principles and forms. The scenarios and barriers are defined for the normal functioning situations, process disturbances, facilities cleaning and equipment maintenance (Table 2). The identification of the possible emission scenarios and emission barriers was based on the knowledge of the processes and related engineering risk control measures.

It is possible to see that changing the production principle in the pouring raw materials function from the manual operation to the automatic operation will make it possible to introduce a barrier, a closed cabinet with LEV, in the emission scenario. Moreover, considering the acquisition of pre-prepared slurry, the emission scenario is eliminated.

Comparing the possible production principles for the surface coating, once again it is possible to eliminate the dust release emission scenario by choosing a non-spraying technique instead of the air-less spraying (or another spraying technique) to apply the TiO2 on the ceramic tile surface.

3.2. Pilot-test

During the project, a pilot-test was performed, allowing part of the production process operations and tasks to be simulated. Previous to pouring raw materials, one additional operation was considered, weighing TiO2. To undertake a risk assessment, 4 different tasks where considered: Task 1- Titanium dioxide weighing; Task 2- Pouring titanium dioxide; Task 3- Mixing slurry; Task 4- Surface coating.

Another relevant question was the use of fine TiO2, instead of nano-sized form, which resulted from the fact that the photocatalytic properties were optimized with that material.

The risk assessment of the unit operations was performed with the CB Nanotool, which considered the possible use of nano-sized TiO2. The severity factors are presented in Table 3.

In Table 4 presents the exposure factors considered for the different tasks assessed.

Table 5 presents the CB Nanotool assessment results are.

During the pilot-test, the airborne particles concentration was measured using the NIOSH 0500 method in order to have a perception of the worker's exposure to TiO2 particles during operations. Considering task durations and the workers present in the workplace, it was decided to sample during the TiO2 aqueous suspension, including weighing raw materials, pouring raw materials and mixing, and performing two personal samplings on both the workers operating the glazing line (surface coating and transport of materials). Table 6 presents the results of airborne sampling.

The sampling time corresponds to the whole working time. In the first attempt to produce the ceramic tiles, several disturbances occurred and the results should be considered to only represent the conditions of the test. They could not be considered as representing future exposure during industrial production of this type of ceramic tiles, but they could give a rough estimation.

3.3. Discussion

The SYDAPP creates a cooperative environment between process engineers, safety practitioners and other people involved in the development of the process, and facilitating the communication and understanding inside the multidisciplinary team. With this approach it is possible to truly involve the designers and engineers in the occupational risk management.

The production functions and production principles are crucial to design solutions since emissions are directly related to the production functions applied. These functions will limit the number of possible principles, and consequently the number of forms. The actual emission that results in exposure always becomes visible in the production form. Conventional occupational hygiene control measures, such as LEV, enclosure, etc. will act on the production form level.

However, when the emission (and the related exposure) is too excessive, or the contaminants are too dangerous, (re)design approaches will be the only option left to reduce or eliminate emissions (apart from cancelling the whole production). (Re) design consists of changing production-principles under an unchanged production function, or changing or eliminating production functions. This last option is very effective, because the corresponding principles and forms will also be eliminated. Using pre-mixed slurries instead of mixing powdered raw materials is an example in which all functions related to raw materials processing are eliminated. When a company introduces these changes, it is substantially reducing the sources of emission and exposure at the initial phase of the production process. Obviously, other companies will need to perform these production-functions, but when volumes are big enough, these firms can also modify their production methods, for example, by changing their mode of operation from manual to automatic.

Accordingly, the use of the supply chain with OSH purposes is one question raised by the SYDAPP. The design analysis performed along the supply-chain helps to identify opportunities to transfer higher risk operations to facilities that are prepared to address it. This allows others to focus on the core process operations, which will ultimately result in safer workplaces, by implementing cost-effective solutions. This approach is only acceptable if the risks are transferred to adequate facilities, not to less controlled subcontractors.

Both the CB Nanotool risk assessment and the airborne particles sampling pointed to potential risk to workers during the pilot-test, considering the possible use of nano-sized TiO2. It is clear that the pilot-test conditions do not exactly replicate the future production conditions but could help to better understand the main emission and exposure scenarios. By replacing nano-TiO2 by fine-TiO2 it is possible to reduce the risk for workers. Based on the existing knowledge of the TiO2 toxicological properties, it is clear that its nano form is more hazardous than the fine-TiO2 [4]. Furthermore, the toxicological assays performed with nano-TiO2 reveal potential effects to health resulting from the possible translocation of the nanoparticles in the human body and also from the capability of cell internalization. Considering the bow-tie model, acting on the hazard itself is an advantageous strategy to deal with the workplace risks as this takes place prior to the emission and, of course, the worker's exposure. The results obtained from the airborne particles sampling during the pilot-test show that the exposure to TiO2 airborne particles is below the proposed limit value of 2.4 mg/m3, even when considering that all the airborne particles were TiO2.

In the tests performed during the Selfclean Project, the medium size TiO2 particles was in the 150-200 nm range, while the nano-sized TiO2 particles have diameters below 100 nm. According, to the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) respiratory tract deposition model for particles, quoted by the International Organization for Standardization, it is evident that the probability of the particles with sizes from 150 nm to 200 nm depositing in all respiratory tracts is lower than particles smaller than 100 nm [20].

Considering the lack of knowledge and the potential for harm of the different types of nano-objects, and the uncertainties related to risk and exposure assessment [21], the safety-by-design approaches become relevant. What has previously been learnt from the safety science field could help by defining ways to deal with potentially high-risk production processes. The inherently safer process concept developed in the late 1970's, which focuses on the avoidance or reduction of the hazard at source [22,23] is adaptable to the nanotechnologies field. The SYDAPP allows the project team to identify the unit operations with a lower emission potential.

 

4. Conclusions

The use of the SYDAPP helps to find solutions to reduce the workers' exposure during their work with engineered nano-objects. As shown in the case presented in this model, it seems that there is an advantage to be had in applying it in a development project, or in other words, during the project phase and before the final process design is set.

With this approach, it was possible to generate emission scenarios resulting from the photocatalytic ceramic tiles production process operations. The bow-tie was a helpful concept model to achieve this.

Following identification of the emission scenarios, it was also possible to define emission reduction barriers. In the particular case of the production of photocatalytic ceramic tiles, it was possible to identify opportunities to reduce nanoparticle emission.

Risk management during the project phase allows safer production processes, changing materials, methods or equipment to be developed, the result being an inherently safer production process.

 

Acknowledgments

The research was part of the SELFCLEAN - Self-cleaning ceramic surfaces Project, funded by QREN - Technological R&D Incentives System - Co-operation projects, Project No. 21533. The authors would like to thank their project partners for their co-operation.

 

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F.A.C. Silva, is an Occupational Hygiene Practitioner in the Portuguese Technological Centre for Ceramic and Glass. He undertakes occupational exposure assessments in chemical and physical agents in industry as well as other activities as a trainer and ISO 17025 auditor. He graduated in Ceramic and Glass Engineering in 1986 and has a MSc. in Human Engineering. He received is PhD in Industrial and Systems Engineering from University of Minho, Portugal. He is author and co-author of several safety and hygiene manuals and other technical publications. He is also a member of national and international standardization procedures, including European CEN/TC 352 Nanotechnologies. ORCID: 0000-0003-4234-5640

P.M. Arezes, received his PhD in Industrial and Systems Engineering from University of Minho, Portugal. He is a full professor in Ergonomics and Human Factors at the School of Engineering of the University of Minho. He is also a visiting fellow at MIT's AgeLab in the USA. He leads the Human Engineering research group and he is also the coordinator of the Engineering Design and Advanced Manufacturing (EDAM) area of the MIT Portugal Program at University of Minho, and the chair of the steering board of the "Leaders for Technical Industries (LTI)" PhD program at University of Minho. He is the (co)author of more than 60 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals, as well as a member of the editorial board of more than 15 international scientific journals. ORCID: 0000-0001-9421-9123

P.H.J.J. Swuste, is an associate professor of the Safety Science Group of the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. He finished his PhD. thesis 'Occupational Hazards and Solutions' in 1996. From 1980 onwards he has worked at the Safety Science Group and has been engaged in research concerning risk assessments of various occupational and process related hazards, and quality assessments of risk management systems of various industries. Examples are the international steel industry, the international rubber industry, the national transport sector, the international asbestos industry, and the international process industry. He publishes with co-authors very frequently on these topics, both in the scientific, international and national press, and in the professional press and media. He organized the postgraduate Master's course 'Management of Safety Health and Environment' with Andrew Hale from 1994-2008. ORCID: 0000-0003-3702-1625

Cómo citar

IEEE

[1]
F. Silva, P. Arezes, y P. Swuste, «Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study», DYNA, vol. 83, n.º 197, pp. 9–16, may 2016.

ACM

[1]
Silva, F., Arezes, P. y Swuste, P. 2016. Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study. DYNA. 83, 197 (may 2016), 9–16. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584.

ACS

(1)
Silva, F.; Arezes, P.; Swuste, P. Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study. DYNA 2016, 83, 9-16.

APA

Silva, F., Arezes, P. y Swuste, P. (2016). Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study. DYNA, 83(197), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584

ABNT

SILVA, F.; AREZES, P.; SWUSTE, P. Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study. DYNA, [S. l.], v. 83, n. 197, p. 9–16, 2016. DOI: 10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/dyna/article/view/57584. Acesso em: 29 mar. 2024.

Chicago

Silva, Francisco, Pedro Arezes, y Paul Swuste. 2016. «Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study». DYNA 83 (197):9-16. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584.

Harvard

Silva, F., Arezes, P. y Swuste, P. (2016) «Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study», DYNA, 83(197), pp. 9–16. doi: 10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584.

MLA

Silva, F., P. Arezes, y P. Swuste. «Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study». DYNA, vol. 83, n.º 197, mayo de 2016, pp. 9-16, doi:10.15446/dyna.v83n197.57584.

Turabian

Silva, Francisco, Pedro Arezes, y Paul Swuste. «Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study». DYNA 83, no. 197 (mayo 1, 2016): 9–16. Accedido marzo 29, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/dyna/article/view/57584.

Vancouver

1.
Silva F, Arezes P, Swuste P. Risk management of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during a development project: A case study. DYNA [Internet]. 1 de mayo de 2016 [citado 29 de marzo de 2024];83(197):9-16. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/dyna/article/view/57584

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