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Turning Bands in Functional Geostatistics: A Simulation Tool for Spatially Correlated Curves
Bandas rotantes para datos funcionales: una herramienta de simulación de curvas espacialmente correlacionadas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rce.v49n2.125276Keywords:
Basis functions, simulation, Linear model of coregionalization, Trace-variogram, Turning bands, Simulation, Functional data (en)Bandas rotantes;, Base de funciones; , Geoestadística funcional;, Modelo lineal de corregionalización;, Simulación; , Traza-variograma. (es)
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Functional geostatistics enables the spatial prediction of curves, profiles, or time series indexed over space. It assumes that each sampling location is associated with a function rather than a scalar variable. Although a substantial body of literature exists on curve prediction (functional geostatistics and related methods), comparatively fewer contributions have focused on simulation methods capable of generating spatially correlated functional data under controllable dependence structures. Such methods are essential for validating methodological developments, comparing predictors, and quantifying uncertainty. In this work, we propose an extension of the turning bands simulation method to the context of functional geostatistics (TBFG). Curves are represented using a functional basis (e.g., Fourier or spline functions), and the corresponding coefficient vectors are modeled as spatially correlated Gaussian random fields. The turning bands simulation is performed in the coefficient space, after which the curves are reconstructed using the selected functional basis. In the implementation, the one-dimensional processes simulated along the bands employ auxiliary covariance functions whose angular averages reproduce the desired two-dimensional covariance structure.
A key feature of TBFG is the inclusion of an explicit spatial range parameter, which allows direct control over the strength of spatial dependence among the simulated curves. Spatial dependence is assessed through the trace-variogram, an extension of the classical variogram defined in the functional space (L2). The simulations show that the range of the tracevariogram increases as the imposed spatial range parameter becomes larger, providing a clear and interpretable diagnostic of the strength of spatial dependence. An appendix includes R code that allows the results to be fully reproduced.
La geoestadística funcional permite hacer predicción espacial de curvas, perfiles o series de tiempo indexadas espacialmente. Se asume que a cada ubicación de muestreo le está asociada una función, en lugar de una variable escalar. Aunque existe mucha literatura sobre predicción de curvas (geoestadística funcional y métodos relacionados), comparativamente hay menos contribuciones sobre simulación capaces de generar datos funcionales espacialmente correlacionados bajo estructuras de dependencia controlables. Estos métodos son esenciales para validar avances metodológicos, comparar predictores y cuantificar la incertidumbre.
En este trabajo se propone una extensión del método de simulación de bandas rotantes al contexto de la geoestadística funcional (BRGF). Las curvas se representan mediante una base de funciones (por ejemplo, Fourier o splines) y los vectores de coeficientes correspondientes se modelan como campos aleatorios Gaussianos espacialmente correlacionados. La simulación mediante bandas rotantes se realiza en el espacio de coeficientes y, posteriormente, las curvas se reconstruyen con la base funcional seleccionada. En la implementación, los procesos unidimensionales simulados sobre las bandas emplean funciones de covarianza auxiliares cuyos promedios angulares reproducen la estructura de covarianza bidimensional deseada. Una característica clave de BRGF es la inclusión de un parámetro explícito de alcance espacial, que permite controlar directamente la intensidad de la dependencia espacial entre las curvas simuladas. Esta se evalúa mediante la traza-variograma, una extensión del variograma clásico definida en el espacio funcional L2. Las simulaciones muestran que el rango de la traza-variograma aumenta a medida que se incrementa el alcance espacial impuesto, lo que proporciona un diagnóstico claro e interpretable de la intensidad de la dependencia espacial. En el apéndice se incluye un código en R que permite replicar los resultados.
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