Published

2024-09-23

Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia

Explorando las Respuestas Afectivas Implícitas y Explícitas ante las Advertencias Sanitarias Gráficas en Paquetes de Cigarrillos en Colombia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852

Keywords:

Graphic health warnings; Implicit Affective Response; Explicit Affective Response; Smoking; Tobacco and Emotional Affect (en)

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Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs.  Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published.  Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers.  Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers.  Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers.  Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers.  We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.

Las advertencias sanitarias gráficas (ASG) en los productos de tabaco constituyen una estrategia clave y eficaz en términos de costos para transmitir los riesgos asociados al consumo de tabaco, en particular cuando provocan reacciones emocionales adversas. Las ASG fomentan la intención de dejar de fumar entre los fumadores y previenen el inicio del hábito en los no fumadores. En tres experimentos estudiamos cómo difieren los fumadores y no fumadores en medidas implícitas y explícitas de reacciones emocionales hacia las ASG. El Experimento 1 utilizó el Maniquí de Autoevaluación (Self-Assessment Manikin) para medir las valoraciones emocionales explícitas (activación y valencia) de seis advertencias publicadas en productos de tabaco. El Experimento 2 fue similar al Experimento 1, pero los fumadores y no fumadores valoraron un nuevo conjunto de 36 ASG aún no publicadas. El Experimento 3 utilizó una tarea implícita, el Procedimiento de Atribución Errónea del Afecto, para evaluar y comparar las respuestas afectivas a las ASG proporcionadas por fumadores y no fumadores. Los Experimentos 1 y 2 mostraron que los fumadores informaron explícitamente reacciones emocionales negativas más débiles tanto ante las ASG familiares como ante las no familiares en comparación con los no fumadores. El Experimento 3 mostró niveles similares de respuestas emocionales implícitas negativas entre fumadores y no fumadores. Nuestros datos sugieren que la respuesta afectiva disminuida involucra elaboración y evaluación cognitiva compleja de los mensajes transmitidos por las ASG, mientras que las emociones negativas tempranas desencadenadas por el componente gráfico de las advertencias afectan de manera similar a fumadores y no fumadores. Proponemos que las medidas implícitas pueden servir como herramientas adicionales y económicas para disociar las respuestas afectivas explícitas sesgadas de los fumadores hacia las ASG de las respuestas emocionales automáticas. En particular, el procedimiento de atribución errónea del afecto puede ayudar a diseñar advertencias que comuniquen los riesgos del tabaquismo, previniendo al tiempo efectos adversos como la disonancia cognitiva.

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How to Cite

APA

Tamayo, R. M., Lugo, H. A. and Adams, S. (2024). Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 33(2), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852

ACM

[1]
Tamayo, R.M., Lugo, H.A. and Adams, S. 2024. Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psicología. 33, 2 (Sep. 2024), 27–42. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852.

ACS

(1)
Tamayo, R. M.; Lugo, H. A.; Adams, S. Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia. Rev. colomb. psicol. 2024, 33, 27-42.

ABNT

TAMAYO, R. M.; LUGO, H. A.; ADAMS, S. Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, [S. l.], v. 33, n. 2, p. 27–42, 2024. DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/106852. Acesso em: 28 jan. 2025.

Chicago

Tamayo, Ricardo M., Harold A. Lugo, and Sally Adams. 2024. “Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia”. Revista Colombiana De Psicología 33 (2):27-42. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852.

Harvard

Tamayo, R. M., Lugo, H. A. and Adams, S. (2024) “Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia”, Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 33(2), pp. 27–42. doi: 10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852.

IEEE

[1]
R. M. Tamayo, H. A. Lugo, and S. Adams, “Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia”, Rev. colomb. psicol., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 27–42, Sep. 2024.

MLA

Tamayo, R. M., H. A. Lugo, and S. Adams. “Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia”. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, vol. 33, no. 2, Sept. 2024, pp. 27-42, doi:10.15446/rcp.v33n2.106852.

Turabian

Tamayo, Ricardo M., Harold A. Lugo, and Sally Adams. “Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia”. Revista Colombiana de Psicología 33, no. 2 (September 30, 2024): 27–42. Accessed January 28, 2025. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/106852.

Vancouver

1.
Tamayo RM, Lugo HA, Adams S. Exploring Implicit and Explicit Affective Responses to Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Colombia. Rev. colomb. psicol. [Internet]. 2024 Sep. 30 [cited 2025 Jan. 28];33(2):27-42. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/106852

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