Proposal of descriptors to study the variability of Vaccinium meridionale Swartz
Propuesta de descriptores para estudiar la variabilidad de Vaccinium meridionale Swartz
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v76n3.102634Keywords:
Underutilized species, Neotropical, Ericaceae, Berries, Genetic resources (en)Especie sub-utilizada, Neotropical, Ericácea, Bayas, Recurso genético (es)
Agraz, mortiño, or Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a fruit tree with high potential for national consumption since it is considered a functional food due to its high content of anthocyanins and antioxidants. The morphological description in plants involves both characterization variables that are highly heritable and easily detectable, as well as evaluation variables influenced by the environment and useful for genetic breeding that, together, are called descriptors and allow knowing the variability of the species. The aim of this study was to develop a list of morphological descriptors with the inclusion of variables to characterize and evaluate Vaccinium meridionale Swartz. Observations were made in natural populations of 11 municipalities in Antioquia, three in Boyacá, one in Cundinamarca, two in Nariño, and one in Santander, Colombia, as well as in the ex situ collection established in Rionegro Antioquia, between 2005 to 2011. A descriptor with 38 quantitative, binary, and multi-state variables was developed. Seven of these variables were obtained at the plant level, 10 from the leaf, six from the flower, 14 from the fruit, and one from the seed. The application of the morphological descriptors in in situ and ex situ conditions reported high polymorphism in the qualitative traits and high variation between individuals for the quantitative variables in the collections under study. These variables are of taxonomic and agronomic importance in the knowledge of the species and are essential for producing and marketing the fruit.
El agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) es un frutal con alto potencial para el consumo nacional ya que se considera un alimento funcional por su alto contenido de antocianinas y antioxidantes. La descripción morfológica en plantas involucra tanto variables de caracterización que son altamente heredables y fácilmente detectables, como las de evaluación influenciadas por el ambiente y útiles para el mejoramiento genético, que en su conjunto se denominan descriptores y permiten conocer la variabilidad de las especies. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una lista de descriptores morfológicos con la inclusión de variables para la caracterización y evaluación del Vaccinium meridionale Swartz. Se realizaron observaciones en poblaciones naturales de 11 municipios de Antioquia, tres en Boyacá, una en Cundinamarca, dos de Nariño y una en Santander, Colombia, al igual que en la colección ex situ establecida en Rionegro Antioquia, entre el 2005 y el 2011. Se desarrolló un descriptor con 38 variables cuantitativas, binarias y multi-estado. Siete de estas variables se obtuvieron a nivel de planta, 10 de la hoja, seis de la flor, 14 del fruto y una de la semilla. La aplicación de los descriptores morfológicos en condiciones in situ como ex situ reportó alto polimorfismo en las características cualitativas y alta variación entre individuos para las variables cuantitativas en las colecciones en estudio. Estas variables son de importancia taxonómica y agronómica en el conocimiento de la especie e importantes para la producción y el mercadeo del fruto.
References
Agudelo CD, Luzardo-Ocampo I, Campos-Vega R et al (2018) Bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion and antiproliferative effect of bioactive compounds from Andean berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66(28): 7358–7366 p. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01604
Ávila–Rodríguez HG, Cuspoca–Riveros JA, Fischer G et al (2007) Caracterización fisicoquímica y oganoléptica del fruto de agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) almacenado a 2 °C. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 60(2): 4179–4193.
Berazaín-Iturralde R (1991) Revisión del género Vaccinium L. en Las Antillas. Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional 12: 3–14.
Buitrago–Guacaneme CM, Rincón MC, Balaguera HE and Ligarret GA (2015) Tipificación de diferentes estados de madurez del fruto de agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz). Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 68(26): 521–7531. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v68n1.47840
Chamorro FJ and Nates–Parra G (2015) Biología floral y reproductiva de Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) en los Andes orientales de Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 63(4): 1197-1212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v63i4.18022
Ehlenfeldt MK and Luteyn JL (2021) Fertile Intersectional F1 Hybrids of 4x Vaccinium meridionale (Section Pyxothamnus) and Highbush Blueberry, V. corymbosum (Section Cyanococcus). HortScience 56(3): 318–323. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15523-20
Fowler C and Hodgkin T (2004) Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: assessing global availability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29: 143-179. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102203
Garzón GA, Narváez CE, Riedl KM and Schwartz SJ (2010) Chemical composition, anthocyanins, non-anthocyanin phenolics and antioxidant activity of wild bilberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) from Colombia. Food Chemistry 122: 980–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.017
Gaviria CA, Ochoa CI, Sánchez NY et al (2009) Propiedades antioxidantes de los frutos de agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz). 93-112 p. In: Ligarreto GA (ed.). Perspectivas del cultivo de agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) en la zona altoandina Colombiana. Gente Nueva Editorial, Bogotá.
Gotor E, Alercia A, Rao VRV et al (2008) The scientific information activity of Bioversity International: the descriptor lists. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55: 757–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9342-x
Kramer AT and Havens K (2009) Plant conservation genetics in a changing world. Trends in Plant Science 14(11): 599-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.005
Ligarreto GA (2009) Descripción del género Vaccinium, estudio de caso: agraz o mortiño (Vaccinum meridionle Swartz). 13-28 p. In: Ligarreto GA (ed.). Perspectivas del cultivo de agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) en la zona altoandina Colombiana. Gente Nueva Editorial, Bogotá.
Ligarreto GA, Patiño MdelP and Magnitskiy SV (2011) Phenotypic plasticity of Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) in wild populations of mountain forests in Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 59(2): 569–583.
Lopera SA (2005) Colecta, conservación y caracterización de diversas poblaciones de Vaccinium meriodionale (mortiño) presentes en los bosques altoandinos de la jurisdicción de Corantioquia, para promover su utilización sostenible (Bachelor dissertation). Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia.
Lopera YE, Fantinelli J, González LF et al (2013) Antioxidant Activity and cardioprotective effect of a nonalcoholic extract of Vaccinium meridionale Swartz during Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. EvidenceBased Complementary and Alternative Medicine ECAM, 516727. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/516727
Luteyn JL (1998) Ericaceae. In: Steyermark et al. (eds.). Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 4: 735-769.
Luteyn JL (2002) Diversity, adaptation, and endemism in Neotropical Ericaceae: Biogeographical Patterns in the Vaccinieae. The Botanical Review 68(1): 55-87. https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068%5B0055:DAAEIN%5D2.0.CO;2
Lyrene PM, Vorsa N and Ballington JR (2003) Polyploidy and sexual polyploidization in the genus Vaccinium. Euphytica 133: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025608408727
Magnitskiy S and Ligarreto G (2009) Plantas de agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz): potencial de propagación sexual. In G. Ligarreto, ed. Perspectivas del cultivo de agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) en la zona altoandina de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 75–91 p.
Medina CI, Lobo M, Patiño MdelP et al (2009) Variabilidad morfológica en agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) en la zona altoandina de Colombia. 57-74 p. In: Ligarreto GA (ed.). Perspectivas del cultivo de agraz o mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) en la zona altoandina de Colombia. Gente Nueva Editorial, Bogotá.
Nass LL (2011) Pré-melhoramento vegetal. Pp: 23-38. In: Lopes MA, Fávero AP, Ferreira MAJF, Faleiro FG, Folle SM, and Guimarães EP (eds.). Pré-melhoramento de plantas; estado da arte e experiências de sucesso Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, Brasília.
Patiño VM (2002) Historia y dispersión de los frutales nativos del Neotropico. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT Palmira, Colombia. 665 p.
Persson HA and Gustavsson BA (2001) The extent of clonality and genetic diversity in lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) revealed by RAPDs and leaf-shape analysis. Molecular Ecology 0: 1385–1397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01280.x
Rimieri P (2017) Genetic diversity and genetic variability: Two different concepts associated to plant germplasm and breeding. BAG-Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 28: 7-13.
Romanciuc G (2017) Germplasm characterization and evaluation data in the System of Agro Biodiversity Conservation. 56 p. In: Conversation of Plant Diversity. International scientific symposium (5; 2017; Chişinău). International Scientific Symposium “Conversation of Plant Diversity”, 5 edition, 1-3 June.
Romero-Castañeda R (1961) Frutas Silvestres de Colombia. Primera edición: Volumen I, Volumen II. Segunda edición Revisada: Volumen único, 1991. Bogotá, Instituto de Cultura Hispánica, 664 p.
Shen M, Li K, Jing H and Zheng L (2018) In vivo therapeutic effect of Vaccinium Meridionale Swartz in Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Male Albino Rats. Journal of Food Science 83: 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13986
Sleumer H (1941) Vaccinioideen-Studien. Botanische Jahrbiicher 71: 375-510.
Vander-Kloet SP (1990) Ericaceae. 591-595 p In: Hawai. Eds W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, y S.H., eds. Manual of the flowering plant of Sohmer Bioshop Museum. Special Publication No. 83. Honolulu. Univeristy of Hawai Press.
Vander-Kloet SP (1996) Taxonomy of Vaccinium sect. Macropelma (Ericaceae). Systematic Botany 21(3): 355–364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419664
How to Cite
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Download Citation
CrossRef Cited-by
1. Eyner Huaman, Carlos Muñoz, Loreto Prat, Jegnes Benjamín Meléndez-Mori, Raúl Vargas, Carmen N. Vigo, José Jesús Tejada-Alvarado, Angel Fernando Huaman-Pilco, Manuel Oliva-Cruz. (2026). Micropropagation of Vaccinium meridionale Sw.: Interaction between basal media and cytokinins, physiological quality of shoots, and ex vitro rooting. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 24(1), p.100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2025.100633.
2. Gerhard Fischer, Fánor Casierra-Posada, Stanislav Magnitskiy. (2024). Achieving Food Security Through Sustainable Agriculture. Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. , p.319. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-4240-4.ch013.
3. Ana Rosa Ramos-Polo, Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo, Sandra Navarro-Gallón, Silvia A. Quijano, Sandra Sulay Arango-Varela. (2025). Polyphenolic Compounds from Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) and Derived Functional Benefits: A Systematic and Updated Review. Foods, 14(22), p.3861. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223861.
4. John Sepúlveda, Fernando Rondón González, Johana Carolina Soto Sedano, Ginna Patricia Velasco, Teresa Mosquera, María Cecilia Delgado, Gustavo Adolfo Ligarreto Moreno, Stanislav Magnitskiy, Yuranis Miranda, Luz Nayibe Garzón Gutiérrez. (2025). SNP Analysis Reveals Novel Insights into the Genetic Diversity of Colombian Vaccinium meridionale. Genes, 16(6), p.675. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060675.
Dimensions
PlumX
Article abstract page views
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal allows the author(s) to maintain the exploitation rights (copyright) of their articles without restrictions. The author(s) accept the distribution of their articles on the web and in paper support (25 copies per issue) under open access at local, regional, and international levels. The full paper will be included and disseminated through the Portal of Journals and Institutional Repository of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and in all the specialized databases that the journal considers pertinent for its indexation, to provide visibility and positioning to the article. All articles must comply with Colombian and international legislation, related to copyright.
Author Commitments
The author(s) undertake to assign the rights of printing and reprinting of the material published to the journal Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. Any quotation of the articles published in the journal should be made given the respective credits to the journal and its content. In case content duplication of the journal or its partial or total publication in another language, there must be written permission of the Director.
Content Responsibility
The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and the journal are not necessarily responsible or in solidarity with the concepts issued in the published articles, whose responsibility will be entirely the author or the authors.






