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Resistance estimation to Phytophthora palmivora in cacao genotypes using artificial inoculation and natural infection in the field
Estimación de la resistencia a Phytophthora palmivora en genotipos de cacao empleando inoculación artificial e infección natural en campo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v76n3.104812Keywords:
Average lesion diameter, Black pod disease, Cacao disease, Disease severity index, Oomycetes (en)Diámetro medio de lesión, Mazorca negra, Enfermedades del cacao, Indice de severidad de la enfermedad, Oomicetos (es)
Black pod disease (BPD) is a severe biotic disorder affecting cacao trees in tropical regions generating an estimated global production reduction of approximately 20 to 30%. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between two artificial inoculation methods for Phytophthora palmivora and their potential association with natural infection in cacao clones. Incidence (%) and severity in detached pods (average lesion diameter) and leaf discs (disease severity index) were evaluated. The inoculation in pods at 6 DAI (Days After Inoculation) indicated the highest lesion diameter values for clone CCN51 (9.83 cm); hence, it was categorized as the most susceptible. Conversely, clones IMC67 (5.30 cm) and PA46 (5.27 cm), with the lowest lesion diameter values, were classified as moderately susceptible. Similar outcomes were observed in the leaf disc infection test, corroborating the susceptibility categorization of all six clones at 10 DAI. The leaf disc infection method showed a significantly positive correlation with the detached pod infection method, highlighting the feasibility of employing leaf inoculation to classify clones based on their susceptibility to BPD. Significant differences in aggressiveness were established between the isolates from different Colombian cacao regions. These findings were consistently reflected in the field, where the CCN51 clone exhibited the highest susceptibility compared to TSH565 and ICS95. This research proposes using the leaf technique to assess the aggressivity of Phytophthora palmivora isolates in cacao trees in Colombia.
La pudrición negra de la mazorca (PNM) es un desorden biótico limitante que afecta los árboles de cacao en regiones tropicales, generando pérdidas que se estiman entre el 20 y el 30% de la producción mundial. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la correlación entre dos métodos frente a la inoculación de Phytophthora palmivora y su asociación con la infección natural en clones de cacao. Se evaluó la incidencia (%) y severidad de la enfermedad en frutos desprendidos (diámetro medio de la lesión) y en discos de hoja (índice de severidad de la enfermedad). La inoculación en frutos a los 6 DDI (días después de la inoculación), indicó los valores más altos de diámetro de la lesión para el clon CCN51(9,83 cm) por lo que fue categorizado como el más susceptible y los clones IMC67 (5,30 cm) y PA46 (5,27 cm) (con los valores más bajos de diámetro de la lesión), como moderadamente susceptibles. Resultados similares fueron encontrados en la prueba de infección en discos de hojas, corroborando la clasificación de la susceptibilidad de los cinco clones a los 10 DDI. El método de infección en disco de hoja presentó una correlación significativamente positiva con el método de infección en fruto desprendido, indicando la empleabilidad de los dos métodos para la categorización de los clones para la enfermedad PNM. Diferencias significativas en la agresividad fueron establecidas entre los aislamientos evaluados de diferentes regiones colombianas. La asociación directa se mostró en campo, donde el clon CCN51 fue el más susceptible en comparación con los clones TSH565 e ICS95. Esta investigación propone el uso de la técnica foliar para la evaluación de la agresividad de aislados de Phytophthora palmivora en árboles de cacao en Colombia.
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