Effect of the tillage system on the floristic composition and the emergence of weeds in Allium sativum
Efecto del sistema de labranza sobre la composición florística y la emergencia de malezas en Allium sativum
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v76n3.105392Keywords:
Garlic, Seedling emergence, Weeds diversity, Zero tillage (en)Ajo, Emergencia de plántulas, Diversidad de malezas, Labranza cero (es)
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In fragile environments, no-tillage (0T) instead of conventional tillage (CT) is desirable to prevent agroecosystem degradation, but there is little information on its implementation in horticulture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing CT with 0T on floristic composition and weed emergence dynamics in a garlic crop, under the hypothesis that the implementation of a 0T system alters the weed community during the initial stage of the transition. Two experiments were carried out following a randomized complete block design with two treatments (garlic crop grown under 0T and CT). In two subsampling per plot, biweekly destructive weed surveys were carried out. Although both tillage systems presented a similar diversity between systems, these weed communities varied by 36% in their species identity, and it was recorded a higher total weed density under CT (P>0.05). Under 0T, anemophilous Asteraceae, such as Conyza bonariensis and Sonchus oleraceus, tended to increase their presence. Under CT, there was a greater amount of indehiscent fruiting Brassicaceae such as Raphanus sativus and Rapistrum rugosum. The implementation of Vicia villosa as a predecessor crop led to many births due to its capacity for natural reseeding. It is concluded that there are important changes in the species composition and weed emergence patterns immediately after the implementation of 0T compared to CT, suggesting that the filtering pressures exerted by each tillage system favor certain weed species over others. By understanding weed community shifts and critical stages of weed emergence, farmers can improve herbicide application, thereby reducing the excessive use of chemicals and minimizing environmental impact. In addition, this information can help to schedule labor and machinery more efficiently, saving time and production costs.
En ambientes frágiles, la labranza cero (L0) presenta ventajas frente a la labranza convencional (LC) al disminuir la degradación de los agroecosistemas, pero se dispone de escasa información sobre su aplicación en horticultura. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar la influencia que genera la sustitución de LC a L0 sobre la composición florística y la dinámica de emergencia de malezas en un cultivo de Allium sativum, bajo la hipótesis de que la implementación L0 altera la comunidad de malezas durante la fase inicial de transición. Dos experimentos fueron realizados siguiendo un diseño en bloques completamente aleatorizados con dos tratamientos (cultivo de ajo bajo LC y L0). Las prospecciones de malezas fueron determinadas de manera destructiva quincenalmente en dos subáreas por parcela. Aunque ambos sistemas de laboreo presentaron una diversidad similar, la identidad de las malezas varió en un 36% y se registró una mayor densidad de plántulas bajo LC (P>0,05). Bajo L0, las Asteráceas anemófilas, como Conyza bonariensis y Sonchus oleraceus, tendieron a incrementar su presencia. Bajo LC hubo mayor cantidad de Brasicáceas de fruto indehiscente como Raphanus sativus y Rapistrum rugosum. La implementación de Vicia villosa como cultivo antecesor, acarreó un gran número de nacimientos dada su capacidad de resiembra natural. Se concluye que existen cambios importantes en la composición de las especies y en los patrones de emergencia de las malezas inmediatamente después de la implantación de L0 en comparación con LC, lo que sugiere que las presiones ejercidas por cada sistema de laboreo favorecen a determinadas especies frente a otras. Mediante el conocimiento de los cambios en la comunidad de malezas y los períodos críticos de emergencia de malezas los agricultores pueden mejorar los tratamientos con herbicidas, al reducir el excesivo uso de productos químicos y minimizar el impacto ambiental. Esta información puede asimismo ayudar a programar las labores manuales y mecánicas más eficientemente, reduciendo los costos de producción.
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