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Antifungal evaluation of saponins extracted from quinoa husk (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) against Botrytis cinerea in strawberry
Evaluación antifúngica de saponinas extraídas de cascarilla de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) contra Botrytis cinerea en fresa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v77n2.109082Keywords:
Ethanolic extraction, Biopesticides, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Antigungal activity (en)Extracción etanólica, Biopesticidas, Concentración mínima inhibitoria, Actividad antifúngica (es)
Saponins are widely recognized for their biological properties, which has led to the development of several research projects applicable to the agricultural sector. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of saponins extracted from quinoa husks, using the crude extract, and incorporated in a formulation against Botrytis cinerea in strawberries. The extraction of saponins by the maceration method was studied, where the effect of temperature, time, and ethanol concentration on the extraction of saponins was evaluated; the process was optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The in vitro antifungal effect of the crude extract of saponins was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), while the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of the formulation was determined by the mycelial inhibition percentage and control percentage, respectively. The optimum extraction point of saponins was obtained at 49.8 °C, 0.367 h, and 47.4% ethanol. On the other hand, the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea was dependent on the concentration of saponins; in the in vitro evaluation the MIC of the crude extract was 8.25 mg mL-1 of saponins and the mycelial inhibition percentage of the formulation was higher than 90%. In the in vivo evaluation of the formulation, the percentage of control ranged from 63.03 to 76.14%, compared to 61.5% control exhibited by the chemical fungicide Carbendazim.
Las saponinas son ampliamente conocidas por sus propiedades biológicas, lo que ha llevado al desarrollo de diversas investigaciones aplicadas al sector agrícola. En ese sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto antifúngico in vitro e in vivo de saponinas extraídas de la cascarilla de quinoa, utilizando el extracto crudo e incorporándolo en una formulación contra Botrytis cinerea en fresa. Se estudió la extracción de saponinas por el método de maceración, donde se evaluó el efecto de la temperatura, el tiempo y la concentración de etanol; el proceso se optimizó mediante un diseño central compuesto (DCC). El efecto antifúngico in vitro del extracto crudo de saponinas se evaluó mediante la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI), por su parte, el efecto antifúngico in vitro e in vivo de la formulación se determinó a través del porcentaje de inhibición micelial y el porcentaje de control, respectivamente. El punto óptimo de extracción de saponinas se obtuvo a 49,8 °C, 0,367 h y 47,4% de etanol. Por otro lado, la actividad antifúngica contra Botrytis cinerea fue dependiente de la concentración de saponinas; en la evaluación in vitro la CMI del extracto crudo fue de 8,25 mg mL-1 de saponinas y el porcentaje de inhibición micelial de la formulación fue superior al 90%. En la evaluación in vivo de la formulación el porcentaje de control osciló entre el 63,03 y el 76,14%, frente al 61,5% de control exhibido por el fungicida químico Carbendazim.
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