Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Lemon (Citrus aurantiifolia) Essential Oil: Physicochemical and Biological Characterization
Síntesis ecológica de nanopartículas de plata utilizando aceite esencial de limón (Citrus aurantiifolia): caracterización fisicoquímica y biológica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.121268Keywords:
Biogenic nanomaterials, Colloidal stability, Free radical scavenging, Gram-negative bacteria, Sustainable nanotechnology (en)Nanomateriales biogénicos, Estabilidad coloidal, Eliminación de radicales libres, Bacterias gramnegativas, Nanotecnología sostenible (es)
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Lemon (Citrus aurantiifolia) peel essential oil (CaEO) was used as both a reducing and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by reacting diluted CaEO with a 5 mmol L-1 AgNO3 solution under continuous stirring at 50 °C. The formation of AgNPs-CaEO was confirmed by characteristic optical and morphological analyzed, which revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 97 nm. In terms of biological properties, AgNPs-CaEO showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50: 235.63 μg mL−1 for DPPH and 296.53 μg mL−1 for ABTS) and antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with larger inhibition zones observed for Gram-negative strains (Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli). The antibacterial activity observed for AgNPs-CaEO may result from the combined presence of silver nanoparticles and bioactive constituents of CaEO. Importantly, this approach provides a safer and more sustainable alternative to conventional chemical synthesis, reducing toxic byproducts while enhancing the biological functionality of AgNPs. Overall, this study demonstrates that essential-oil-mediated synthesis is an eco-friendly approach for producing bioactive silver nanoparticles, with potential for food preservation applications. However, further studies, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration determination, cytotoxicity assessment, and in vivo evaluation, are required before biomedical applications can be considered.
El aceite esencial de cáscara de limón (Citrus aurantiifolia) (CaEO) se utilizó como agente reductor y estabilizante para la síntesis verde de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) mediante la reacción de CaEO diluido con una solución de AgNO3 5 mmol L-1 bajo agitación continua a 50 °C. La formación de AgNPs-CaEO se confirmó mediante análisis ópticos y morfológicos característicos, los cuales revelaron nanopartículas predominantemente esféricas con un diámetro hidrodinámico promedio de 97 nm. En cuanto a las propiedades biológicas, las AgNPs-CaEO mostraron una actividad antioxidante moderada (IC50: 235,63 μg mL-1 para DPPH y 296,53 μg mL-1 para ABTS) y actividad antibacteriana tanto contra bacterias Gram-negativas como Gram-positivas, observándose mayores halos de inhibición en las cepas Gram-negativas (Salmonella enteritidis y Escherichia coli). La actividad antibacteriana observada para las AgNPs-CaEO podría deberse a la presencia combinada de nanopartículas de plata y los constituyentes bioactivos del CaEO. Es importante destacar que este enfoque proporciona una alternativa más segura y sostenible en comparación con la síntesis química convencional, reduciendo subproductos tóxicos al tiempo que mejora la funcionalidad biológica de las AgNPs. En general, este estudio demuestra que la síntesis mediada por aceites esenciales es un método ecológico para producir nanopartículas de plata bioactivas, con potencial para aplicaciones en conservación de alimentos. Sin embargo, antes de que se puedan considerar las aplicaciones biomédicas, se requieren estudios adicionales, la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración mínima bactericida, la evaluación de la citotoxicidad y la evaluación in vivo.
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