Anatomical, physical, and chemical changes in Albizia carbonaria wood subjected to thermal modification
Cambios anatómicos, físicos y químicos de la madera Albizia carbonaria sujeto a modificación térmica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.122382Keywords:
Anatomical, Chemical composition, Density, Dimensional stability (en)Anatómico, Composición química, Densidad, Estabilidad dimensional (es)
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In Colombia, wood preservation treatments still rely on toxic and environmentally hazardous products, whereas cleaner and safer alternatives remain scarcely implemented. Thermal modification has emerged as a sustainable technology capable of enhancing wood resistance to biological degradation, improving dimensional stability, and optimizing its performance for industrial applications. Furthermore, this process enables the assessment of chemical and structural transformations associated with wood modification. Albizia carbonaria, a native Colombian species distributed in tropical and premontane humid forests, is commonly used in agroforestry systems associated with coffee cultivation. This study evaluated the effects of thermal treatments conducted in a closed system at 170 and 190 °C, temperatures at which significant changes are expected in low-density woods due to hemicellulose degradation and consequent alterations in the internal structure. Dimensional stability, density, chemical composition, and anatomical modifications were analyzed according to Colombian Technical Standards and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standards, using wood obtained from an agroforestry plantation. Mass loss reached 7.72 and 9.54% at 170 and 190 °C, respectively. Air-dry density (12%) was significantly higher at 190 °C, while dimensional stability improved under both treatments. In addition, holocellulose and extractives contents increased as a consequence of total mass reduction and the formation of new compounds. Anatomical alterations and cell wall thickening were also observed. However, the 170 °C treatment promoted greater density increases, higher chemical content, and lower anatomical damage, indicating that this thermal condition is more suitable for the species.
En Colombia, los tratamientos de preservación de la madera continúan dependiendo de productos tóxicos y ambientalmente contaminantes, mientras que las alternativas más limpias y seguras siguen siendo escasamente implementadas. La modificación térmica ha surgido como una tecnología sostenible capaz de incrementar la resistencia de la madera al deterioro biológico, mejorar su estabilidad dimensional y optimizar su desempeño para aplicaciones industriales. Además, este proceso permite evaluar las transformaciones químicas y estructurales asociadas con la modificación de la madera. Albizia carbonaria, especie nativa de Colombia distribuida en bosques húmedos tropicales y premontanos, es ampliamente utilizada en sistemas agroforestales asociados al cultivo de café. En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos de tratamientos térmicos realizados en un sistema cerrado a 170 y 190 °C, temperaturas en las que ocurren cambios significativos en maderas de baja densidad debido a la degradación de hemicelulosas y las consecuentes modificaciones en su estructura interna. Se analizaron la estabilidad dimensional, densidad, composición química y cambios anatómicos, de acuerdo con las Normas Técnicas Colombianas y los estándares de la Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), utilizando madera proveniente de una plantación agroforestal. La pérdida de masa alcanzó 7,72 y 9,54% a 170 y 190 °C, respectivamente. La densidad al 12% de humedad fue significativamente mayor a 190 °C, mientras que la estabilidad dimensional aumentó en ambos tratamientos. Asimismo, el contenido de holocelulosa y extractivos se incrementó debido a la reducción de la masa total y a la formación de nuevos compuestos. También se observaron alteraciones anatómicas y engrosamiento de la pared celular. Sin embargo, el tratamiento a 170 °C promovió mayores incrementos de densidad, mayor contenido químico y menor daño anatómico, indicando que esta condición térmica es la más adecuada para la especie.
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