Defaunation and Diversity of Terrestrial Vertebrates in a Tropical Dry Forest Fragment (Magdalena Valley, Colombia)
Defaunación y diversidad de vertebrados terrestres en un bosque seco tropical (valle del Magdalena, Colombia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.122552Keywords:
Birds, Camera trapping, Endangered ecosystem, Mammals, Vegetation-fauna relationship (en)Aves, Fototrampeo, Ecosistemas en peligro, Mamíferos, Relación Vegetación-fauna (es)
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Tropical dry forests are among the most threatened neotropical ecosystems and are critically endangered in Colombia. Land conversion, anthropogenic fires, fragmentation, and climate change pose severe threats to their fauna, further compromising their conservation. Nevertheless, remaining fragments act as crucial reservoirs of terrestrial vertebrates, which in turn play key roles in seed dispersal, predation, and maintaining ecosystem stability. This study aimed to quantify terrestrial vertebrate diversity, estimate defaunation, and explore relationships between faunal assemblages and vegetation structure and diversity in a tropical dry forest (TDF) fragment in the Magdalena inter-Andean valley, Colombia. To address this objective, camera trapping, bird surveys, and vegetation plots were combined. A total of 75 bird species (two of them endemic), eight mammal species, and one reptile species were recorded. Defaunation indices (birds = 0.40; mammals = 0.69) indicated significant biodiversity loss compared to El Quimbo, which represents a reference assemblage due to its relatively complete sampling and ecological comparability. Medium- and large-sized predators were not detected, whereas generalist and disturbance-tolerant species dominated in the study area. Two distinct faunal assemblages were identified, along with one compositionally distinct outlier sampling point associated with a permanent wetland microhabitat; the two assemblages differed in species richness and diversity, and neither showed correlations with vegetation structure or diversity. These findings indicate moderate defaunation in this forest fragment for both birds and mammals, with the mammal defaunation index approaching the threshold for high defaunation. They also highlight the urgency of studying and protecting TDF remnants through targeted conservation strategies aimed at mitigating defaunation and its effects.
El bosque seco tropical es uno de los ecosistemas neotropicales más amenazados y está en peligro crítico en Colombia. La conversión del hábitat, los incendios antrópicos, la fragmentación y el cambio climático representan grandes riesgos para su fauna y comprometen su conservación. Los fragmentos remanentes actúan como reservorios de vertebrados terrestres, esenciales en la dispersión de semillas, la depredación y la estabilidad del ecosistema. Este estudio cuantificó la diversidad de vertebrados terrestres, estimó la defaunación y exploró su relación con la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación en un fragmento de bosque seco tropical del valle interandino del río Magdalena, Colombia, integrando fototrampeo, censos de aves y parcelas de vegetación. Se registraron 75 especies de aves (dos de ellas endémicas), ocho de mamíferos y una de reptil. Los índices de defaunación (aves = 0,40; mamíferos = 0,69) evidenciaron una pérdida significativa de biodiversidad respecto al bosque del embalse El Quimbo, ensamblaje de referencia seleccionado por su comparabilidad ecológica y completitud de muestreo. No se detectaron depredadores medianos ni grandes, con predominio de especies generalistas tolerantes al disturbio. Se identificaron dos ensamblajes faunísticos distintos y un punto de muestreo atípico, asociado a un humedal; ambos difirieron en riqueza y diversidad, sin mostrar correlación con la estructura o la diversidad vegetal. Los resultados indican defaunación moderada para aves y mamíferos y destacan la urgencia de proteger los remanentes de bosque seco tropical mediante estrategias orientadas a mitigar la defaunación y sus efectos. Estos resultados indican una fuerte defaunación en el fragmento analizado y resaltan la urgencia de estudiar y proteger los remanentes de bosque seco tropical mediante estrategias de conservación destinadas a mitigar la defaunación y sus efectos.
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