Synergy between biostimulants and nitrogen fertilization: effects on the physiology and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.)
Sinergia entre bioestimulantes y fertilización nitrogenada: efectos en la fisiología y el rendimiento del cultivo de soya (Glycine max L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.122930Keywords:
Amino acids, Biological nitrogen fixation, Chitosan, Grain yield, Nutrient efficiency (en)Aminoácidos, Fijación biológica de nitrógeno, Quitosano, Rendimiento de grano, Eficiencia de nutriente (es)
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Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is a key crop for global food security, but its productivity is challenged by climate variability and the heavy reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Biostimulants offer a sustainable alternative to improve nutrient efficiency and crop performance. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of three biostimulant formulations: one based on amino acids (Codafol®), one on chitosan (QuitoMax®), and one on micronutrients (CBFert®) on soybean var. ‘INCASoy-36’, compared with conventional nitrogen fertilization under field conditions. The study was conducted at the Basic Scientific and Technological Unit of Los Palacios, Pinar del Río, Cuba, belonging to the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (latitude 22.571898° N, longitude 83.238144° W). A randomized block design with eight treatments, including full nitrogen fertilization and different biostimulant combinations, was established. General physiological and agronomic indicators were assessed to determine treatment effects on growth and yield. Combined biostimulant applications improved vegetative development, chlorophyll status, and yield components, achieving results comparable to full nitrogen fertilization. Conversely, individually applied biostimulants produced limited responses and did not equal the performance of the integrated approach. Significant differences were observed among treatments, particularly in pod formation and grain filling. Overall, the coordinated use of amino-acid-based (Codafol®), chitosan-based (QuitoMax®), and micronutrient-based (CBFert®) biostimulants demonstrated a clear synergy that enhanced soybean productivity while allowing a 70% reduction in synthetic nitrogen fertilization without significant yield loss. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of biostimulant integration as an effective strategy for more sustainable production systems.
La soya (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) es un cultivo fundamental para la seguridad alimentaria mundial, pero su productividad se ve amenazada por la variabilidad climática y la gran dependencia de los fertilizantes sintéticos. Los bioestimulantes ofrecen una alternativa sostenible para mejorar la eficiencia de los nutrientes y el rendimiento de los cultivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos individuales y combinados de tres formulaciones de bioestimulantes: una a base de aminoácidos (Codafol®), otra de quitosano (QuitoMax®) y otra de micronutrientes (CBFert®) en la variedad de soja INCASoy-36, en comparación con la fertilización nitrogenada convencional en condiciones de campo. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Unidad Científico-Técnica Básica de Los Palacios, Pinar del Río, Cuba, perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (latitud 22,571898° N, longitud 83,238144° O). Se estableció un diseño de bloques aleatorios con ocho tratamientos, incluyendo la fertilización completa con nitrógeno y diferentes combinaciones de bioestimulantes. Se evaluaron indicadores fisiológicos y agronómicos generales para determinar los efectos de los tratamientos sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento. Las aplicaciones combinadas de bioestimulantes mejoraron el desarrollo vegetativo, el estado de la clorofila y los componentes del rendimiento, logrando resultados comparables a los de la fertilización completa con nitrógeno. Por el contrario, los bioestimulantes aplicados individualmente produjeron respuestas limitadas y no igualaron el rendimiento del enfoque integrado. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, especialmente en la formación de vainas y el llenado del grano. En general, el uso coordinado de bioestimulantes a base de aminoácidos (Codafol®), a base de quitosano (QuitoMax®) y a base de micronutrientes (CBFert®) demostró una clara sinergia que mejoró la productividad de la soja, al tiempo que permitió una reducción del 70% en la fertilización con nitrógeno sintético sin que se produjera una disminución significativa del rendimiento. Estos resultados ponen de relieve el potencial sinérgico de la integración de bioestimulantes como estrategia eficaz para lograr sistemas de producción más sostenibles.
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