Published

2026-06-10

Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria

Calidad fisicoquímica y el estado microbiológico de la leche cruda en una región semiárida de Argelia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778

Keywords:

Chemical composition, Dairy farms, Food hygiene, Nutritional profile, Pathogenic contamination (en)
Composición química, Granjas lecheras, Higiene alimentaria, Perfil nutricional, Contaminación patógena (es)

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Authors

  • Zakaria Meskini Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Environment, Natural Plant Substances and Food Technology, University of Ahmed Zabana Relizane, 48000 Relizane, Algeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-9330
  • Abdelkader El-Amine Dahou Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Animal Production, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6640-3169
  • Amina Derradjia Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ahmed Zabana Relizane, Relizane, Algeria. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1648-2139
  • Elhachemi Sassi Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Laboratory of Animal Production Sciences and Techniques, University of Ibn Khaldoun Tiaret, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7339-3007

Milk is an important component of human nutrition and food security in Algeria, although, its quality may be affected by inadequate hygienic and handling practices. This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbiological quality of raw milk and examined regional variability in a semi-arid area of northwestern Algeria. A total of 42 bulk tank milk samples were analyzed using standard ISO methods and Lactoscan-based compositional analysis. Physicochemical parameters including fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, density, mineral content, freezing point, and pH were compared against established reference criteria. Microbiological analyses encompassed total viable counts, total and fecal coliforms, and Staphylococcus spp. Significant regional differences were observed in several milk quality parameters. Mean fat (2.94%) and lactose (4.44%) contents were frequently below recommended reference values, whereas solids-not-fat content (8.48%) generally complied with established standards. The mean TVC reached 5.45 log CFU mL-1, while total and fecal coliforms count averaged 2.54 and 3.12 log CFU mL-1, respectively. Elevated levels of Staphylococcus spp. were detected in three regions. Correlation analyses showed significant associations between microbial indicators and certain compositional parameters, particularly pH. Overall, the results indicate substantial regional variability in raw milk quality and suggest deficiencies in hygienic conditions during milk production and handling. These findings highlight the importance of improving milking hygiene, refrigeration practices, and quality control measures to enhance raw milk quality in semi-arid dairy production systems.

La leche cruda es un componente importante de la nutrición humana y la seguridad alimentaria en Argelia, aunque su calidad puede verse afectada por prácticas higiénicas y de manipulación inadecuadas. Este estudio evaluó la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche cruda y examinó la variabilidad regional en una zona semiárida del noroeste de Argelia. Se analizaron un total de 42 muestras de leche de tanque de refrigeración colectivo mediante métodos estándar ISO y análisis de composición con Lactoscan. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos incluyeron grasa, proteína, lactosa, extracto seco magro (ESM), densidad, contenido mineral, punto de congelación y pH. Los análisis microbiológicos incluyeron el recuento total de microorganismos viables (RTV), coliformes totales, coliformes fecales y Staphylococcus spp. Se observaron diferencias regionales significativas en varios parámetros de calidad de la leche. Los contenidos medios de grasa (2,94%) y lactosa (4,44%) se situaron frecuentemente por debajo de los valores de referencia recomendados, mientras que el contenido de extracto seco magro (8,48%) cumplió, por lo general, con las normas establecidas. El RTV medio alcanzó 5,45 log UFC mL-1, mientras que los recuentos de coliformes totales y fecales promediaron 2,54 y 3,12 log UFC mL⁻¹, respectivamente. Se detectaron niveles elevados de Staphylococcus spp. en tres regiones. El análisis de correlación mostró asociaciones significativas entre los indicadores microbiales y ciertos parámetros de composición, particularmente el pH. En conjunto, los resultados indican una variabilidad regional sustancial en la calidad de la leche cruda y sugieren deficiencias en las condiciones higiénicas durante la producción y manipulación de la leche. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de mejorar la higiene del ordeño, las prácticas de refrigeración y las medidas de control de calidad para optimizar la calidad de la leche cruda en los sistemas de producción lechera de zonas semiáridas.

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How to Cite

APA

Meskini, Z., Dahou, A. E.-A., Derradjia, A. & Sassi, E. (2026). Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 79, e123778. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778

ACM

[1]
Meskini, Z., Dahou, A.E.-A., Derradjia, A. and Sassi, E. 2026. Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. 79, (Jan. 2026), e123778. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778.

ACS

(1)
Meskini, Z.; Dahou, A. E.-A.; Derradjia, A.; Sassi, E. Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín 2026, 79, e123778.

ABNT

MESKINI, Z.; DAHOU, A. E.-A.; DERRADJIA, A.; SASSI, E. Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, [S. l.], v. 79, p. e123778, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/123778. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2026.

Chicago

Meskini, Zakaria, Abdelkader El-Amine Dahou, Amina Derradjia, and Elhachemi Sassi. 2026. “Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria”. Revista Facultad Nacional De Agronomía Medellín 79 (January):e123778. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778.

Harvard

Meskini, Z., Dahou, A. E.-A., Derradjia, A. and Sassi, E. (2026) “Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria”, Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 79, p. e123778. doi: 10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778.

IEEE

[1]
Z. Meskini, A. E.-A. Dahou, A. Derradjia, and E. Sassi, “Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria”, Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín, vol. 79, p. e123778, Jan. 2026.

MLA

Meskini, Z., A. E.-A. Dahou, A. Derradjia, and E. Sassi. “Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, vol. 79, Jan. 2026, p. e123778, doi:10.15446/rfnam.v79.123778.

Turabian

Meskini, Zakaria, Abdelkader El-Amine Dahou, Amina Derradjia, and Elhachemi Sassi. “Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 79 (January 15, 2026): e123778. Accessed June 19, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/123778.

Vancouver

1.
Meskini Z, Dahou AE-A, Derradjia A, Sassi E. Physicochemical and microbiological status of raw milk in a semiarid region of Algeria. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín [Internet]. 2026 Jan. 15 [cited 2026 Jun. 19];79:e123778. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/123778

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