Effects of potassium sulfate fertilization and cultivation systems on shallot bulb phytochemical composition
Efectos de la fertilización con sulfato de potasio y los sistemas de cultivo sobre la composición fitoquímica del bulbo de chalota
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v79.124943Keywords:
Antioxidant activity, Cropping systems, Flavonoids, Phenolic content, Potassium sulfate, Shallots (en)Actividad antioxidante, Sistemas de cultivo, Flavonoides, Contenido fenólico, Sulfato de potasio, Chalotas (es)
Downloads
Lowland wetlands may alter the phytochemical composition of shallot bulbs. On the other hand, potassium sulfate fertilization may modify these responses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of potassium sulfate rates on the phytochemical composition of shallot bulbs grown under non-floating and floating cultivation systems. The experiment was conducted in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia, from June to August 2024 using a randomized block design with five potassium sulfate rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha⁻¹), three replications, and two cultivation subunits. Alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, antioxidant value, total phenols, and flavonoids were analyzed. Both systems produced bulbs containing alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids. The floating system produced a higher antioxidant value than the non-floating system (1886.68 vs 1121.41 mg L⁻¹), but lower total phenols (42.66 vs 44.21 mg gallic acid equivalents g⁻¹) and flavonoids (133.30 vs 243.15 mg quercetin equivalents g⁻¹). The highest antioxidant values were present at 300 kg ha⁻¹, reaching 1267.30 mg L⁻¹ in the non-floating system and 2229.13 mg L⁻¹ in the floating system, before declining at 400 kg ha⁻¹. Total phenol and flavonoid responses varied with cultivation system and fertilizer rate, rather than increasing consistently. These findings indicate that floating cultivation substantially modifies shallot phytochemical composition and that the potassium sulfate rate should be selected according to the targeted metabolite; 300 kg ha⁻¹ provided the highest antioxidant value under both systems.
Los humedales de tierras bajas pueden alterar la composición fitoquímica de los bulbos de chalota, mientras que la fertilización con sulfato de potasio puede modificar estas respuestas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de las dosis de sulfato de potasio en la composición fitoquímica de bulbos de chalota cultivados en sistemas de cultivo flotantes y no flotantes. El experimento se llevó a cabo en Ogan Ilir, Sumatra del Sur, Indonesia, de junio a agosto de 2024 utilizando un diseño de bloques aleatorios con cinco dosis de sulfato de potasio (0, 100, 200, 300 y 400 kg ha⁻¹), tres repeticiones y dos subunidades de cultivo. Se analizaron alcaloides, saponinas, triterpenoides, esteroides, valor antioxidante, fenoles totales y flavonoides. Ambos sistemas produjeron bulbos que contenían alcaloides, saponinas, triterpenoides y esteroides. El sistema flotante produjo un valor antioxidante más alto que el sistema no flotante (1886,68 frente a 1121,41 mg L⁻¹), pero fenoles totales más bajos (42,66 frente a 44,21 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico g⁻¹) y flavonoides (133,30 frente a 243,15 mg equivalentes de quercetina g⁻¹). Los valores antioxidantes más altos se produjeron a 300 kg ha⁻¹, alcanzando 1267,30 mg L⁻¹ en el sistema no flotante y 2229,13 mg L⁻¹ en el sistema flotante, antes de disminuir a 400 kg ha⁻¹. Las respuestas de fenoles totales y flavonoides variaron con el sistema de cultivo y la tasa de fertilizante en lugar de aumentar de manera constante. Estos hallazgos indican que el cultivo flotante modifica sustancialmente la composición fitoquímica de la chalota y que la tasa de sulfato de potasio debe seleccionarse de acuerdo con el metabolito objetivo; la dosis de 300 kg ha⁻¹ proporcionó el mayor valor antioxidante en ambos sistemas.
References
Andriani D and Murtisiwi L (2018) Determination of total phenolic content of ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, 2(1):32-38. https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v2i1.15
Bibi N, Shah MH, Khan N, Al-Hashimi A et al (2022) Variations in total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and free radicals’ scavenging potential of onion varieties planted under diverse environmental conditions. Plants, 11(7):950. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070950
Chattoo MA, Magray MM, Parray FA, Shah MD et al (2018) Effect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5):2894–2896.
Divyasree G, Kaleeswari RK, Chitdeshwari T, Swarna Priya R et al (2021) Comparative evaluation of sulphur sources on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(4):1310–1316. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3048
Gedam PA, Khandagale K, Shirsat D, Thangasamy A et al (2023) Elucidating the molecular responses to waterlogging stress in onion (Allium cepa L.) leaf by comparative transcriptome profiling. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14:1150909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1150909
Hasibuan AS, Edrianto V and Purba N (2020) Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of shallot bulbs (Allium cepa L.). Jurnal Farmasimed (JFM), 2(2):45–49. https://doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v2i2.357
Hasibuan AS and Edrianto V (2021) Socialization of phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of shallot bulbs (Allium cepa L.). Jurnal Pengmas Kestra (JPK), 1(1):80–84. https://doi.org/10.35451/jpk.v1i1.732
Khalid M, Saeed-ur-Rahman, Bilal M and Huang DF (2019) Role of flavonoids in plant interactions with the environment and against human pathogens—A review. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18(1):211–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62555-4
Kurnianingsih A, Susilawati and Sefrilla M (2018) Shallot plant growth characteristics on various growing media compositions. Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia, 9(3):167–173. https://doi.org/10.29244/jhi.9.3.167-173
Liu W, Liu J, Yin D and Zhao X (2015) Influence of ecological factors on the production of active substances in the anti-cancer plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying. PLoS ONE, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122981
Marcinkowska MA and Jeleń HH (2022) Role of sulfur compounds in vegetable and mushroom aroma. Molecules, 27(18):6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186116
Manurung M (2024) Buletin Konsumsi Pangan. Volume 15, Number 1, 2024. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian.
Mas’ud and Wahyuningsih S (2023) Analisis kinerja perdagangan komoditas bawang merah. Volume 13, Number 1, 2023. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian.
Mnayer D, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Petitcolas E, Hamieh T et al (2014) Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of six essential oils from the Alliaceae family. Molecules, 19(12):20034–20053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191220034
Poornima KS, Mamatha N and Ramesh HS (2015) Effect of potassium and sulphur on quality parameters of onion and chilli intercrops in a vertisol. Advance Research Journal of Crop Improvement, 6(2):166–169. https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/ARJCI/6.2/166-169
Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian (2024) Analisis kinerja perdagangan bawang merah. Volume 14, Number 1, 2024. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian, 61 pp.
Suswadi, Prasetyowati K, Kartikasari RD and Prasetyo A (2021) A feasibility study on cultivating shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Selo District, Boyolali Regency, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 824(1):012111. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/824/1/012111
Sałata A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Kalisz A and Moreno-Ramón H (2022) Impacts of Alexandrian clover living mulch on the yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of leek and shallot. Agronomy, 12(11):2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112602
Shimamura T, Sumikura Y, Yamazaki T, Tada A et al (2014) Applicability of the DPPH assay for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of food additives—Inter-laboratory evaluation study. Analytical Sciences, 30(7):717–721. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.30.717
Susilawati S, Irmawati I, Harun MU and Ichwan B (2024) Shallot cultivation in tropical climate ecosystems using floating and non-floating systems with different doses of cow manure. Advances in Horticultural Science, 38(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-14940
Susilawati S, Irmawati I, Sukarmi S and Ammar M (2022) The application of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of shallot plant in tidal land of Banyuasin Regency. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands, 11(2):197–205. https://doi.org/10.36706/JLSO.11.2.2022.582
Susilawati S, Ammar M, Kurnianingsih A, Irmawati et al (2018) The correlation between growth characters and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) due to the application of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 81(9):502–509. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-09.62
Vojnović Đ, Maksimović I, Tepić Horecki A, Milić A et al (2024) Biostimulants improve bulb yield, concomitantly affecting the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of onion (Allium cepa). Horticulturae, 10(4):391. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040391
Wahjuningsih SB, Fitriani A, Azkia MN and Rahmadhia SN (2023) Senyawa bioaktif dalam bahan pangan. Universitas Semarang Press (USM Press), 139 pp. ISBN 978-623-7986-47-8.
Dimensions
PlumX
Article abstract page views
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal allows the author(s) to maintain the exploitation rights (copyright) of their articles without restrictions. The author(s) accept the distribution of their articles on the web and in paper support (25 copies per issue) under open access at local, regional, and international levels. The full paper will be included and disseminated through the Portal of Journals and Institutional Repository of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and in all the specialized databases that the journal considers pertinent for its indexation, to provide visibility and positioning to the article. All articles must comply with Colombian and international legislation, related to copyright.
Author Commitments
The author(s) undertake to assign the rights of printing and reprinting of the material published to the journal Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. Any quotation of the articles published in the journal should be made given the respective credits to the journal and its content. In case content duplication of the journal or its partial or total publication in another language, there must be written permission of the Director.
Content Responsibility
The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and the journal are not necessarily responsible or in solidarity with the concepts issued in the published articles, whose responsibility will be entirely the author or the authors.






