Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia

Published

2017-01-01

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aislado de productos cárnicos crudos en Cartagena, Colombia

Keywords:

MRSA, MSSA, PCR, Panton Valentine, Leukocidin toxin (PVL), Meat products, Bacterial resistance (en)
SARM, SASM, PCR, Toxina Panton Valentin, Leucocidina, Productos cárnicos, resistencia bacteriana (es)

Downloads

Authors

Lersy López Gutierrez Universidad del Sinú EBZ seccional Cartagena
Alfonso Bettin Martinez Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla
Héctor Suárez Mahecha Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA) Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Abstract (en)
Abstract (es)

To determine the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in establishments that commercialize raw ground beef and pork chops in Cartagena- Colombia. 160 samples were analyzed through microbiological cultures in Baire Parcker agar, and it was determined the presence of mecA gen that codifies the methicillin resistance and the pvl that codifies the Panton- Valentine leukocidin toxin (PVL) by the multiplex PCR technique. The antibiotic susceptibility profile for MRSA strains was realized by automatized methods and for MSSA strains it was used Kirby Bauver. 66 samples were confirmed as S. aureus by PCR. The prevalence of MRSA was 7.5% and 33.8% of MSSA. The 66% of the strains were isolated from raw ground beef and the 34% of pork chop meat. The isolations presented about 2 – 12% of multi-resistance to the antibiotics used. The MRSA showed resistance to amoxicillin- clavulanate (57%), ampicillin-sulbactam and cefazolin (85%), erythromycin and clindamycin (7%), tetracycline (35%). The 10% of the isolated strains had the gen of PVL toxin and the 71% of those were identified in samples of raw pork meat and the 28% in raw ground beef. This study reports for the first time, how meat raw products commercialized in the city of Cartagena could build a dissemination source of MRSA carrier of PVL toxin that could generate a public health disease.

Se determinó la prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a Meticilina (SARM) aislado en expendios que comercializaban carne cruda molida de res y chuleta de cerdo en Cartagena - Colombia. Fueron analizadas 160 muestras a través de cultivo microbiológico en agar Baire Parcker y se determinó la presencia del gen mecA que codifica la resistencia a la meticilina y de pvl que codifica la toxina leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (PVL) mediante la técnica de PCR múltiple. El perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica para las cepas SARM fue realizado por métodos automatizados y para cepas SASM se utilizó Kirby Bauver. 66 muestras fueron confirmadas como S. aureus por PCR, la prevalencia de SARM fue de 7.5% y 33.8% de SASM. El 66% de las cepas fueron aisladas de carne molida de res y 34% de carne de chuleta de cerdo. Los aislamientos presentaron entre 2 a 12% de multirresistencia a los antibióticos utilizados. Los SARM mostraron resistencia a amoxacilinaclavulonato (57%), ampicilina ¿ sulbatam y cefazolina (85%), eritromicina y clindamicina (7%), tetraciclina (35%). El 10% de las cepas aisladas tenían el gen de la toxina PVL y el 71% de estos fue identificado en muestras de carne cruda de cerdo y el 28% en carne cruda molida de res. Este estudio reporta por primera vez, como productos cárnicos crudos comercializados en la ciudad de Cartagena pueden constituir una fuente de diseminación de cepas SARM portadoras de la toxina PVL, lo cual podría generar un problema de salud pública.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agnoletti F, Mazzolini E, Bacchin C, Bano L, Berto G, Rigoli R, Muffato G, Coato P, Tonon E and Drigo I. 2014. First reporting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in an industrial rabbit holding and in farm-related people. Veterinary Microbiology 170(1–2): 172-177. doi: org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.035

Álvarez CA, Barrientes OJ, Leal AL, Contreras GA, Barrero L, Rincon S, Diaz L, Vanegas N, Arias CA. 2006. Community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Colombia. Emergency Infection Diseases 12(12): 2000-1. doi: 10.3201/eid1212.060814

Asai T, Hiki M, Baba K, Usui M, Ishihara K, Tamura Y. 2012. Presence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398 and ST9 in Swine in Japan. Japan Journal Infection Diseases 65: 551-552. doi: 10.7883/yoken.65.551

Barbara-Wysockib K, Bazoa M, Smora W. 2010. Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei against methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Microbiological Research 165: 674-686. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.11.008

Bettin A, Causil C, Reyes N. 2012. Molecular identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus nasal isolates from medical students in Cartagena, Colombia. Brazilian Journal Infection Diseases 16(4): 329-34. doi: org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.06.017

Bhalla A, Aron DC, Donskey CJ. 2007. Staphylococcus aureus intestinal colonization is associated with increased frequency of S. aureus on skin of hospitalized patients. BMC Infectious Diseases 7: 105. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-105

Boer de E, Zwartkruis-Nahuis JT, Wit B, Huijsdens XW, Neeling AJ de, Bosch T, van Oosterom RA, Vila A, Heuvelink AE. 2009. Prevalence of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat. International Journal of Food Microbiology 134: 52–56.

Bustos JA, Hamdan-Partida A, Gutiérrez M. 2006. Staphylococcus aureus: la reemergencia de un patógeno en la comunidad. Revista Biomedica 17: 287-305. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.007

De Neeling AJ, van den Broek MJM, Spalburg EC, van SantenVerheuvel MG, Dam-Deisz WDC, Boshuizen HC, van de Giessen AW, van Duijkeren E, Huijsdens XW. 2007. High prevalence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 122: 366–372. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.027

Deurenberg HR, Vink C, Kalenic S, Friedrich AW, Bruggeman CA, Stobbering EE. 2006. The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Infection 13: 222-235. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01573.x

Fontes CO, Silva VL, Paiva MR de, Garcia RA, Resende JA, Ferreira-Machado AB, Diniz CG. 2013. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence characteristics of mecA-encoding coagulasenegative staphylococci isolated from soft cheese in Brazil. Journal Food Sciences 78: 594-599. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12088

Gilchrist MJ, Greko C, Wallinga DB, Beran GW, Riley DG, Thorne PS. 2007. The potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations in infectious disease epidemics and antibiotic resistance. Environ Health Perspect 115: 313–6. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8837

Hanson B, Dressler A, Harper A, Scheibel R, Wardyn S, Roberts L, Kroeger J, Smith T. 2011. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) on retail meat in Iowa. Journal of Infection and Public Health 4: 169-174. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2011.06.001

Hiramatsu K, Cuil L, Kuroda M, Ito T. 2001. The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 9: 486-493.

Ho J, O’Donoghue MM, Boost MV. 2014. Occupational exposure to raw meat: A newly-recognized risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization amongst food handlers. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 217(2–3): 347-353. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.009

Ho P, Cheung C, Mak G, Tse C, Ng T, Cheung C. 2007. Molecular epidemiology and household transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hong Kong. Diagnostical Microbiology Infection Diseases 57: 145-151.

Huijsdens XW, van Dijke BJ, Spalburg E, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Heck ME, Pluister GN, Voss A, Wannet WJ, Neeling AJ De. 2006. Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 5: 26. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-5-26

INVIMA. Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Alimentos y Medicamentos. Manual de Técnicas de Análisis para Control de Calidad Microbiológico de Alimentos para Consumo Humano. 1998. Ministerio de Salud. Bogotá Colombia.

Jorgenser J. 2000. Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing. Special needs for Fastidious organism and difficult-to-detect resistance mechanisms. Clinical Infectious diseases 30: 799-808. doi: 10.1086/313788

Lim KT, Hanifah YA, Yusof MY, Thong KL. 2012. ermA, ermC, tetM and tetK are essential for erythromycin and tetracycline resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Indian Journal Medical Microbiology 30: 203-207. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.96693

Marty E, Bodenmann C, Buchs J, Hadorn R, Eugster-Meier E, Lacroix C, Meile L. 2012. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in coagulasenegative staphylococci from spontaneously fermented meat products and safety assessment for new starters. International Journal of Food Microbiology 159: 74–83. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.025

McClure J, Conly J, Lau V, Elsayed S, Louie T, Hutchins W. 2006. Novel Multiplex PCR assay for detection of the Staphylococcal virulence marker Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and simultaneous discrimination of methicillin-susceptible from-resistant Staphylococci. Journal Clinical Microbiology 44: 1141-1144. doi: 10.1128/JCM.4 4.3.11 41 -1144.2006

NTC 4491-2. 2004. Instituto Colombiano de Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Microbiología de alimentos y de alimentos para animales. Preparación de muestras para ensayo, suspensiones iniciales y diluciones decimales para los análisis microbiológicos. Parte 2: Reglas específicas para la preparación de carne y productos cárnicos.

NTC 4779. 2007. Instituto Colombiano Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Microbiología de alimentos y alimentos para animales. Método horizontal para el recuento de Estafilococos coagulasa positiva (Staphylococcus aureus y otras especies).

NTC 1325. 2008. Instituto Colombiano Norma Técnica. ICONTEC. Industrias alimentarias. Productos cárnicos procesados no enlatados.

Petternel C, Galler H, Zarfel G, Luxner J, Haas D, Grisold AJ, Reinthaler FF, Feierl G. 2014. Isolation and characterization of multidrugresistant bacteria from minced meat in Austria. Food Microbiology 44: 41-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.013

Quiroga WA, Ruiz V, Montoya DM. 2013. Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y sus complicaciones: descripción de un caso. Revista Médica de Risaralda 19(2).

Reyes J, Hidalgo M, Diaz L, Rincon S, Moreno J, Vanegas N, Castañeda E, Arias CA. 2007. Characterization of macrolide resistance in Gram-positive cocci from Colombia hospitals: a countrywide surveillance. International Journal Infection Diseases 11(4): 329-36. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.09.005

Rijen MV, Keulen PV, Kluytmans J. 2007. P1591 Increase of pig and calf related MRSA in a Dutch hospital. Clinical Microbiology Infection 13: S446–S447. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(07)71430-9

Rossney AS, Shore AC, Morgan PM, Fitzgibbon MM, O´Connell B, Coleman DC. 2007. The emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) harboring the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene (pvl) reveal that pvl is a poor marker for community-acquired MRSA strains in Ireland. Journal Clinical Microbiology 45(8): 2554-63.

Smith TC, Pearson N. 2010. The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 11(4): 327-39. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0072

Van Duijkeren E, Jansen MD, Flemming SC, Neeling H De, Wagenaar JA, Schoormans AH, Van Nes A, Fluit AC. 2007. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs with exudative epidermitis. Emergency Infection Diseases 13: 1408-1410. doi: 10.3201/eid1309.061268

Witte W, Cuny C, Strommenger B, Braulke C, Heuk D. 2005. Emergence of a new community - acquired MRSA strain in Germany. Euro Surveill 9: 16-18.

Wulf M, Voss A. 2008. MRSA in livestock animals-an epidemic waiting to happen. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 14: 519-521. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01970.x

Yu F, Li T, Huang X, Xie J, Xu Y, Tu J, Qin Z, Parsons C, Wang J, Hu L, Wang L. 2012. Virulence gene profiling and molecular characterization of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection. Diagnopsty Microbiology Infection Diseases 74: 363-368. doi: 10.1016/j

Zetola N, Francis J, Nuermberger E, Bishai W. 2005. Communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infection Diseases 5: 275-286.

Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. 2005. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types Ito V in methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal Clinical Microbiology 43: 5026–5033.

Zuo GY, Wang GC, Zhao YB, Xu GL, Hao XY, Han J, Zhao O. 2008. Screening of Chinese medicinal plants for inhibition against clinical isolates of methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Journal Ethnopharmacology 120(2): 287-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.021

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The journal allows the author(s) to maintain the exploitation rights (copyright) of their articles without restrictions. The author(s) accept the distribution of their articles on the web and in paper support (25 copies per issue) under open access at local, regional, and international levels. The full paper will be included and disseminated through the Portal of Journals and Institutional Repository of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and in all the specialized databases that the journal considers pertinent for its indexation, to provide visibility and positioning to the article. All articles must comply with Colombian and international legislation, related to copyright.

Author Commitments

The author(s) undertake to assign the rights of printing and reprinting of the material published to the journal Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. Any quotation of the articles published in the journal should be made given the respective credits to the journal and its content. In case content duplication of the journal or its partial or total publication in another language, there must be written permission of the Director.

Content Responsibility

The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and the journal are not necessarily responsible or in solidarity with the concepts issued in the published articles, whose responsibility will be entirely the author or the authors.