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Characterization of oil extracted from the kernel of the fruit of cumare’s palm (Astrocaryum chambira Barret)
Caracterización del aceite extraído del kernel del fruto de la palma de cumare (Astrocaryum chambira Barret)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v71n1.69589Keywords:
Astrocaryum chambira, Cumare´s oil, Physicochemical parameters (en)Astrocaryum chambira, Aceite de cumare, Parámetros fisicoquímicos (es)
The objective of this research was the physicochemical characterization, fatty acid composition and Vitamin E content of oil extracted from the kernel of the fruit of cumare´s palm (Astrocaryum chambira). The plant material used in this research was collected in Caney-Restrepo, km 12 in the department of Meta-Colombia. The oil extraction process was performed by the soxhlet method using n-hexane as solvent, applying a unifactorial three-level experimental design to determine the most appropriate mass: solvent ratio. The percentage of lipids in dry basis of the kernel samples was 46.88 ± 0.73, which corresponds to the ratio 5 g of dry sample: 150 mL of solvent. The results of the physicochemical parameters were: density at 25 °C 0.9171 ± 0.003 g mL-1, refractive index at 40 °C 1.4518 ± 0.0004, iodine index 8.28 ± 0.60 g I2 100 g-1 oil, saponification index 246.66 ± 0.69 mg KOH g-1 oil, the percentage of acidity 0.248% ± 0.002 and the acid index 0.694 ± 0.006 mg KOH g-1 oil. The fatty acid profile presented a higher proportion of saturated (91.6%) than unsaturated (8.3%), likewise the analysis showed that lauric acid is the most abundant (48.6%) followed by myristic (29.8%), palmitic (6.7%), oleic (5.7%) and linoleic (2.5%). Based on the results obtained in the present
study, data reported in the literature and regulations related to the use of oils of vegetable origin, this oil shows a great potential to be used as raw material in the food, pharmaceutical and oleochemical
industry is feasible. However, it is recommended to perform additional tests in order to reaffirm their use in them.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue la caracterización fisicoquímica, composición de ácidos grasos y el contenido de Vitamina E del aceite extraído de la almendra del fruto de la palma de cumare (Astrocaryum chambira). El material vegetal utilizado en esta investigación fue recolectado en la vereda Caney- Restrepo, km 12 en el departamento del Meta – Colombia. El proceso de extracción del aceite se realizó mediante el método soxhlet utilizando n-hexano como solvente aplicando un diseño experimental unifactorial de tres niveles para determinar la relación masa:solvente más apropiada. El
porcentaje de lípidos en base seca de las muestras de las almendras fue de 46,88 ± 0,73, el cual corresponde a la relación 5 g de muestra seca: 150 mL de solvente. Los resultados de los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron: densidad a 25 °C 0,9171 ± 0,003 g mL-1, el índice de refracción a 40 °C 1,4518 ± 0,0004, índice de yodo 8,28 ± 0,60 g I2 100 g-1 aceite, índice de saponificación 246,66 ± 0,69 mg KOH g-1 aceite, el porcentaje de acidez 0,248% ± 0,002 y el índice de acidez 0,694 ± 0,006 mg KOH g-1 aceite.
El perfil de ácidos grasos presentó mayor proporción de saturados (91,6%) que de insaturados (8,3%), así mismo el análisis mostró que el ácido láurico es el más abundante (48,6%), seguido del mirístico (29,8%), palmítico (6,7%), oleico (5,7%) y linoléico (2,5%). Con base en los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio, lo reportado en la literatura y en la normativa relacionada con el uso de aceites de origen vegetal, se evidencia un gran potencial de uso como materia prima en la industria alimentaria,
farmacéutica y oleoquímica. Sin embargo, se recomienda realizar pruebas adicionales con el fin de reafirmar su uso en las mismas.
Recibido: 6 de abril de 2017; Aceptado: 18 de julio de 2017
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was the physicochemical characterization, fatty acid composition and Vitamin E content of oil extracted from the kernel of the fruit of cumare's palm (Astrocaryum chambira). The plant material used in this research was collected in Caney-Restrepo, km 12 in the department of Meta-Colombia. The oil extraction process was performed by the soxhlet method using n-hexane as solvent, applying a unifactorial three-level experimental design to determine the most appropriate mass: solvent ratio. The percentage of lipids in dry basis of the kernel samples was 46.88% ± 0.73, which corresponds to the ratio 5 g of dry sample: 150 mL of solvent. The results of the physicochemical parameters were: density at 25 °C 0.9171 ± 0.003 g mL-1, refractive index at 40 °C 1.4518 ± 0.0004, iodine index 8.28 ± 0.60 g I2 100 g-1 oil, saponification index 246.66 ± 0.69 mg KOH g-1 oil, the percentage of acidity 0.248% ± 0.002 and the acid index 0.694 ± 0.006 mg KOH g-1 oil. The fatty acid profile presented a higher proportion of saturated (91.6%) than unsaturated (8.3%), likewise the analysis showed that lauric acid is the most abundant (48.6%) followed by myristic (29.8%), palmitic (6.7%), oleic (5.7%) and linoleic (2.5%). Based on the results obtained in the present study, data reported in the literature and regulations related to the use of oils of vegetable origin, this oil shows a great potential to be used as raw material in the food, pharmaceutical and oleochemical industry is feasible. However, it is recommended to perform additional tests in order to reaffirm their use in them.
Keywords:
Astrocaryum chambira, Cumare's oil, Physicochemical parameters.RESUMEN
El objetivo de esta investigación fue la caracterización fisicoquímica, composición de ácidos grasos y el contenido de Vitamina E del aceite extraído de la almendra del fruto de la palma de cumare (Astrocaryum chambira). El material vegetal utilizado en esta investigación fue recolectado en la vereda Caney- Restrepo, km 12 en el departamento del Meta - Colombia. El proceso de extracción del aceite se realizó mediante el método soxhlet utilizando n-hexano como solvente aplicando un diseño experimental unifactorial de tres niveles para determinar la relación masa:solvente más apropiada. El porcentaje de lípidos en base seca de las muestras de las almendras fue de 46,88% ± 0,73, el cual corresponde a la relación 5 g de muestra seca: 150 mL de solvente. Los resultados de los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron: densidad a 25 °C 0,9171 ± 0,003 g mL-1, el índice de refracción a 40 °C 1,4518 ± 0,0004, índice de yodo 8,28 ± 0,60 g I2 100 g-1 aceite, índice de saponificación 246,66 ± 0,69 mg KOH g-1 aceite, el porcentaje de acidez 0,248% ± 0,002 y el índice de acidez 0,694 ± 0,006 mg KOH g-1 aceite. El perfil de ácidos grasos presentó mayor proporción de saturados (91,6%) que de insaturados (8,3%), así mismo el análisis mostró que el ácido láurico es el más abundante (48,6%), seguido del mirístico (29,8%), palmítico (6,7%), oleico (5,7%) y linoléico (2,5%). Con base en los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio, lo reportado en la literatura y en la normativa relacionada con el uso de aceites de origen vegetal, se evidencia un gran potencial de uso como materia prima en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica y oleoquímica. Sin embargo, se recomienda realizar pruebas adicionales con el fin de reafirmar su uso en las mismas.
Palabras clave:
Astrocaryum chambira, Aceite de cumare, Parámetros fisicoquímicos.The Amazon region presents a great variety of fruits and oilseeds with great potential for commercial exploitation due to its richness in micronutrients (De Rosso and Mercadante, 2007), as well as oils and fats that are extracted from the grains of some species such as Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), andiroba (Carapa guianensis), babaçu (Orbignya spp.), Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandflorum), murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), buriti (Mauritia flexosa), passion fruit (Passiflora spp.). These plant species are of great economic importance, since its oils and fats have great application in the cosmetics, food and chemical oil industry (Saraiva et al., 2009).
Some studies carried out on oils extracted from palm fruits native to South America show great potential for agroindustrialization: the macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata) native to the American tropics is widely distributed in Brazil; the oil extracted from the fruit and from the kernel were characterized and was determined that they have great application in the food industry, cosmetics as well as in the biodiesel industry (Del Rio et al., 2016).
The oil extracted from buriti's palm (Mauritia flexuosa), is considered of economic interest due to its great antioxidant potential due to the high tocopherol content, in addition its physicochemical properties and composition in fatty acids make it an oil with great possibilities of use in foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (Speranza et al., 2016).
Other species of palms such as bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), inajá (Maximiliana maripa), pupuna (Bactris gasipaes) and tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare) have been studied as to the composition of the oil of the fruit and have been found to have great potential as oils vegetables, due to their composition in fatty acids and the presence of bioactive compounds like tocopherols and sterols (Santos et al., 2013b).
In addition to palms, it has been found that there are other products native to this region that are rich in oils with industrial applications. Vieira et al. (2017), presented in their study a series of technological applications when oils and fats obtained from products originating in the Amazon (pracaxi and passion fruit oils, palm stearin, and cupuassu fat) are mixed, which are dependent of the physicochemical properties, composition in fatty acids and nutritional properties. These new blends have a great application in the production of vegetable shortenings and products for bakery and confectionery.
Nowadays, there is a great interest in the search for new vegetable species with a high content of oils, in order to evaluate its possible use in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry as well as in the production of biofuels. Globally, there are reports of oils extracted from palms or fruits of trees originating in certain regions with great agroindustrial potential. The tree of Oecopetalum mexicanum, native to southeastern Mexico and known by the name of cacaté, jamacuquiaca and cachichin, produces a fruit that is rich in lipids and which is used by communities as a source of oils. Hernández et al. (2013), studied the oil extracted from the fruit of this tree and found that it has 60% unsaturated fatty acids, it also has physicochemical properties that make it an oil with high potential in the food industry, as well as for others industrial purposes.
The palm Phoenix canariensis is native to the Canary Islands, commonly used as an ornamentation plant in parks, avenues, campus, among others. The oil extracted from the fruit of this palm was studied by Nehdi et al. (2010), which was found to have a 69.33% of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as the presence of tocopherols as a source of vitamin E, as well as physicochemical properties that demonstrate that it is an oil with potential to be used in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
Vermaak et al. (2011) proposes six plants native to the African continent, as species with great potential in obtaining oils that can be used in the cosmetic industry thanks to the physicochemical properties, the fatty acid composition and the biological activity obtained. These studies demonstrate the great interest that exists in the search for new alternative plants that can be used to obtain oils, being careful to conserve biodiversity with a bio-sustainable development.
The palm of Cumare (Astrocaryum chambira) is widely distributed in the Orinoquía and in the Colombian, Venezuelan, Peruvian and Brazilian Amazonia (Bernal et al., 2015). It is a monoecious palm, of solitary stem, with a height of up to 20 m height and 40 cm in diameter approximately, covered with black flat spines up to 20 cm in length in the internodes. The fruits are ovoid 5-7 cm long and 4-5 cm in diameter, greenish-yellow with tiny spines. It produces flowers from August to October and the fruits ripen from March to May. Each palm has a large number of fruits that can be found in a single plant (up to 800 fruits per racime) (García et al., 2016; López et al., 2006). The use of this palm to obtain products for commercialization in the Northwest of South America have presented a great demand of the fiber for the development of a variety of handicraft made by indigenous communities (Brokamp et al., 2011; García et al., 2015). These studies demonstrate the economic potential of this palm that can be extended by obtaining oil to be used as a source of natural origin for the production of products with certain applications such as cosmetics, personal hygiene or food.
The objective of this study is to characterize the oil extracted from the kernel of the cumare palm, widely distributed in Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia, in order to obtain the information regarding its physicochemical properties, vitamin E content and composition of fatty acids. This information is indispensable to determine its possible use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials and reagents
The reagents n-hexane, potassium hydroxide 99.9%, absolute ethanol, 37% hydrochloric acid, 99.9% sodium hydroxide, potassium iodide 99.9%, chloroform, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate 99.9%, wijs reagent, starch and phenolphthalein 99.9% were of the brand Merck grade ACS (Darmstadt, Germany). The extraction thimbles used were cellulose 603 33 mm x 80 mm from the Whatman® brand.
Vegetal material samples
The fruits (20 kg) with the same maturity index and with no physical and biological damage were collected manually in Caney - Restrepo, km 12 in the department of Meta - Colombia from 5 palms of cumare (Astrocaryum chambira) located at the following geographical coordinates: 4°16’2.7” North and 73°32’21.4” West, this area has an altitude of 452 m, with an annual average temperature of 25.8 °C and an annual precipitation between 4000-6000 mm. These fruits were identified by professionals in biology and agronomy in the area of botany systematics of the Universidad de Los Llanos.
Preparation of vegetal material
The seeds (kernel) of the fruit were separated, cleaned and their size were reduced manually by a chopping process. Subsequently the chopped seeds were taken to a convection oven (JEIOTECH model OF11E), for a drying process at a temperature of 60 °C for 24 hours. After this procedure, the dry sample of the seeds was reduced in size by means of an impact mill (IKA® A11 basic, Germany) to pass a 0.5 mm mesh, in order to obtain a sample of a finer size to facilitate the extraction process.
Experimental design and statistical analysis
An experimental design was carried out in the oil extraction phase to determine the optimum raw material - solvent ratio. The design was based on a unifactorial model with three levels defined for the sample: solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20 and 1:30). The oil performance data were processed using the statistical software InfoStat / Estudiantil® version 2012e, for which a variance analysis (ANOVA) was performed, in order to determine significant differences at a 95% confidence level (P≤0.05) using the Duncan test. The physicochemical properties evaluated were presented as the average of the six measurements with their respective standard deviation.
Oil extraction process
The extraction of dry and ground kernel oil was carried out by a Solid-Liquid extraction process (soxhlet) using n-hexane as the solvent (Luque de Castro et al., 2013). Samples m1 (15 g), m2 (7.5 g) and m3 (5 g) were weighed in triplicate, deposited on cellulose thimbles and a fixed amount of solvent of 150 mL of n-hexane was added. The extraction process was eight hours at boiling point of the solvent. After this time the remaining solvent was removed, the balloon with the oil was brought to a convection oven at 70 °C for 30 min, then left to stand in a glass desiccator and finally weighed the glass balloon (Nielsen, 2010). This same procedure was repeated 15 times to the ratio with higher yield according to the statistical analysis in order to obtain a considerable volume of oil for the later analyzes. Once the oil was extracted from the seeds of the cumare palm, it was stored in an amber glass jar and stored in a refrigerator at 10 °C for storage and subsequent physicochemical analysis, fatty acid profile and vitamin E content.
Physicochemical characterization of extracted oil
Physicochemical analysis of density, refractive index, saponification and iodine were performed by sixfold. The density of the oil was determined using the conventional mass-by-volume method using a Gay-Lussac pycnometer, following the NTC 336 (ICONTEC, 2002a). The refractive index of the oil sample was determined by means of an Abbe refractometer (Brixco), previously calibrated, following the NTC 289 (ICONTEC, 2002b). The saponification index of the oil sample was determined following the NTC 335 (ICONTEC, 1998a). The iodine index of the oil sample was determined following the NTC 283 (ICONTEC, 1998b). The acidity and the acidity index were determined following the methodology proposed by Nielsen (2010). All the glass material used was class A.
Determination of fatty acid profile
The analysis of the fatty acids in the oil sample was carried out by obtaining and quantifying their methyl esters by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), according to ISO standards 5509-2000 (E) and 5508 - 1990 (E). The 37 component FAME mix (AccuStandar, Inc., 125 Market Street, New Haven CT 06513) was used as the certified reference standard.
Chromatographic analysis of the sample was performed on an AT 6890 N gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, California, USA) with flame ionization detector (FID). The column used in the analysis was DB-23 (J & W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA) [50% -cyanopropyl-poly (methyl xylosane), 60 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm]. The injection was performed in split mode (50: 1) (Viny: 2 μL). The programming of the oven temperature was 120 °C for 5 min, then the temperature was increased at a rate of 10 °C min-1 to 180 °C and was maintained for 30 min at that temperature. The temperature was again increased at 10 °C min-1 to 210 °C and maintained at that temperature for 21 min.
The identification of fatty acid methyl esters present in the samples was carried out by the method of comparing their retention times with those of the certified 37 component FAME mix standard (AccuStandar, Inc., 125 Market Street, New Haven CT 06513), analyzed under the same chromatographic conditions. The content (relative percentage) of the fatty acids in the analyzed samples was determined according to the norm 5508-1990 (E) “Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils-Analysis by Gas Chromatography of Methyl Ester of Fatty Acids”.
Vitamin E content (α, γ, δ-Tocopherol) determination
The extraction of α, γ, δ-Tocopherol from the oil sample was performed using the technique of direct saponification of the material and its subsequent analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC / DAD). As reference material was used the vitamins α-tocopherol (Part No. 25,802-4, Sigma-Aldrich), γ-tocopherol (Part No. T1782, Sigma-Aldrich) and δ-tocopherol (Part No. T2028, Sigma-Aldrich).
For the quantification of (α, γ, δ) -tocopherol in the oil sample, the external standardization technique was used. For this purpose, the response factor (Rf) established from the analysis of the standard solutions of (α, γ, δ) -tocopherol was used in different concentrations.
Chromatographic analysis was performed on a liquid chromatograph (LC) 1200 Series (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, California, USA), with a UV-Vis diode array detector (DAD) at λ = 292 nm. The column used in the analysis was KINETEX (C8) (Phenomenex, Torrance, California, USA), 250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5.0 μm. The injection was performed in automatic mode (Viny: 10 μL), isocratic under a ratio of 95: 5 (methanol: water) for 30 min, at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. The quantification of (α, γ, δ-Tocopherol) in the oil samples was carried out using the external standardization technique.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Oil extraction process
The results obtained for the experimental design applied to the solid-liquid extraction process of the oil using soxhlet were analyzed using the Duncan test (P<0.05), this test evidence significant differences between the three ratios studied 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30. The results obtained showed that the ratio 1:30 (5 g: 150 mL) presented a higher yield in the extraction process, these results demonstrate that the amount of sample mass influences the oil extraction process, according to the results reported by Londoño et al. (2012). Table 1 shows the yields obtained in the extraction process. The highest percentage of oil in the kernel corresponds to a value of 46.88 ± 0.73%, which is a high percentage compared to other Amazonian palms.
Table 1: Extraction yield under different Mass-solvent ratio.
Mambrim and Barrera-Arellano (1997), reported in their study of oils from fruits of Amazonian palms of Brazil to the Tucumán palm (Astrocaryum vulgare) a percentage of oil kernel of 29.59% and for Muru-Muru palm (Astrocaryum murumuru) a percentage of 27.70% kernel oil using hexane as the solvent. Another palm of great interest in the Brazilian Amazon region is the babassu palm (Orbignya phalerata); Santos et al. (2013a) report a percentage between 46.79 and 61.16% of oil extracted from the nucleus using n-hexane as solvent. In the scientific literature, there is not much information of studies carried out in the Amazonia and Colombian Orinoquía. Therefore, with this study we have as much information as possible for the oil extracted from the nucleus of the fruit of the cumare palm from this region. The result obtained in terms of oil percentage, shows that the fruit grain of this palm can be used as raw material to obtain an oil with potential to be used in the food industry or as raw material for the production of toilet and cosmetic products.
Physicochemical properties of kernel oil of cumare palm
Table 2 presents the results for each of the determined physicochemical properties. The result obtained for the density of the oil is very close to other oils like coconut (0.919 a 0.917 g mL-1) (ICONTEC, 1968), palm kernel (0.920 a 0.916 g mL-1) (ICONTEC, 1996) and babassu (0.918 a 0.915 g mL-1) (ICONTEC, 1969). The value obtained for the refractive index corrected at 40 °C was very close to the reported by Mambrim and Barrera-Arellano, 1997 for oils obtained from kernel's palms Oenocarpus distichus (1.4567 g mL-1), Astrocaryum vulgare (1.4545 g mL-1) and Astrocaryum murumuru (1.4538 g mL-1), these results were reported at that temperature because these oils are solids at room temperature.
Table 2: Physicochemical properties of the oil obtained from the cumare kernel.
The saponification index is a measure that is used to predict the type of triglycerides present in the sample; high values indicate that the triglycerides contain short chain fatty acids (Jelassi et al., 2014). The value obtained for the saponification index indicates that cumare palm kernel oil is composed mainly by short chain triglycerides, which makes it suitable for the preparation of liquid soaps, shampoos and cosmetic products (Nehdi, 2011). Bora et al. (2001) reported a value of 231.4 ± 4.3 mg of KOH g-1 fat for the oil extracted from the tucuma palm kernel (Astrocaryum vulgare), which is closely related to the oil rich in saturated fatty acids with short chain (lauric, myristic and palmitic). The saponification index found is very close to some palm oils that are traded on a large scale such as babassu (Attalea speciosa) (254-248 mg KOH g-1 oil) (ICONTEC, 1969), palm kernel (240-255 mg KOH g-1 oil) (ICONTEC, 1996) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) (250-264 mg KOH g-1 oil) (ICONTEC, 1968).
The iodine index is a measure of the presence of unsaturations in oils or in the fat analyzed (Akbar et al., 2009). The value obtained for the kernel oil of the cumare palm was 8.28 ± 0.60 g of I2 100 g-1 of oil, this is a very low value which shows that the percentage of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids is low. This value is slightly below some oils extracted from the palm kernel of the Astrocaryum family. Lognay et al. (1995) reported a value of 12 g I2 100 g-1 of oil, which is composed mainly of lauric acid (54.9%) and myristic acid (21.9%), for huicungo oil (Astrocaryum macrocalyx). Bora et al. (2001) reported for oil extracted from the tucuma palm kernel (Astrocaryum vulgare) a value of 12.5 g I2 100 g-1 of oil. Mambrim and Barrera-Arellano (1997), reported a value of 10.3 g I2 100 g-1 for the oil extracted from the Muru-Muru palm kernel (Astrocaryum murumuru).
All these oils have a characteristic and is that they are solid at room temperature. The percentage of acidity obtained in the oil was 0.248 ± 0.002%, expressed in terms of lauric acid which is the predominant one (48.6%). The percentage of acidity indicates the amount of free fatty acids present, so a low value indicates that the oil has not carried out lipid deterioration reactions (Nehdi et al., 2010). The acid index value indicates the amount of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acids present in 1 g of sample, the value obtained was 0.694 ± 0.006 mg KOH g-1, indicating a low presence of free fatty acids (Salazar de Marcano et al., 2004).
Fatty acids composition
Table 3 presents the results of the chromatographic analysis of the oil sample in terms of the relative amount of the fatty acids present. The oil is composed of two major acids, lauric acid present in 48.6%, followed by myristic acid in 29.8% and others in lesser amount as: palmitic in 6.7%, oleic 5.7%, stearic 3.0% and linoleic in a 2.5%. The percentage of saturated fatty acids according to the results corresponds to 91.6% versus 8.3% of unsaturated fatty acids. These results explain the low iodine index determined in this study. This composition in terms of fatty acids is similar for other oils that have been extracted from other Amazonian palms. García-Pantaleón et al. (2006) reported a high content of saturated fatty acids (85.9%) in yagua palm (Attalea cryptanther) due to the presence of lauric acid (58%), myristic (16.5%) and palmitic (8.4%), the content found of unsaturated fatty acids was 14.1%.
Table 3: Content of fatty acids in the kernel oil sample of cumare palm
The oil of the coroba palm seed (Jessenia polycarpa, synonymy Oenocarpus bataua) has a major composition of saturated fatty acids such as lauric (41.7%), myristic (15.7%) and palmitic (9.8%) (Salazar de Marcano et al., 2004). Bora et al. (2001) reported a high composition of saturated fatty acids (87.37%), which consists mainly of lauric (50.16%), myristic (24.44%), and palmitic (6.21%).
The above composition is very similar to other oils that have been extracted from the kernel of fruits of other palms, where predominantly mainly short chain acids, especially lauric acid (Del Rio et al., 2016). This fatty acid and its derivatives have many applications both in the food industry and in the chemical industry, which makes it interesting to be used in the production of cosmetics and toiletries. The high percentage of saturated fatty acids of this oil makes it favorable to be used in the manufacture of cocoa butter substitutes, in addition these acids are more resistant to oxidation, so they can be used in the formulation of fatty food systems, because the possibility of the development of oxidative rancidity in the final product can be diminished (Salazar de Marcano et al., 2004).
Vitamin E content (α,γ,δ - Tocopherol)
Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant found in some plants as tocopherols (α, β, γ and δ) and their corresponding tocotrienols, all of these have vitamin E activity. However, the most active form corresponds to α-tocopherol (Darnet et al., 2011). The action of vitamin E as an antioxidant is quite complex and there are several theories to be able to explain it, however one of the most accepted is the coordination with other molecules and enzymes for the defense of cells against free radicals from the autoxidation of lipids (Sayago et al., 2007). The presence of radicals in the body can generate degenerative diseases, cardiovascular and cancer (Valko et al., 2016).
The result obtained for the vitamin E content for the extracted oil was 12.0 mg kg-1 of oil, which is within what was reported by Bereau et al. (2003), in a study of oils extracted from the kernel of fruits of five native palms of the Amazon (Acrocomia lasiospatha Wall., Astrocaryum vulgare C. Mart., Bactris gasipaes H.B.K., Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés, and Maximiliana maripa Drude), where the total content of tocopherols is reported between 5-150 mg kg-1.
CONCLUSIONS
The obtained results show that the oil extracted has the potential as raw material in the elaboration of foodstuffs and personal care products or cosmetics such as soaps, shampoo, skin products, make-up, deodorants, among others. This research aims to demonstrate that there are other sources of natural origin with great potential to be used in this type of products, in order to replace raw materials of synthetic origin, however this oil should be tested before use human and animal nutrition. In addition, the production of oil from native species requires further studies to carry out a sustainable production process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their appreciation to the staff of the laboratory of chemistry at the Universidaad de Los Llanos for their assistance in the implementation of this work, to the research groups CINQUIBULL and CITIA by the management and coordination of this research and to the general direction research of the Universidad de Los Llanos for funding part of this project.
REFERENCES
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