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Phenological patterns of defoliation and refoliation processes of rubber tree clones in the Colombian northwest
Patrones fenológicos de los procesos de defoliación y refoliación en clones de caucho en el noroeste de Colombia
Keywords:
Hevea brasiliensis, Leaf area index, Phenology, Tropical species (en)Hevea brasiliensis, Índice de área foliar, Fenología, Especies tropicales (es)
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The knowledge of the defoliation-refoliation process in rubber cultivation allows the development of management strategies in the production system to improve rubber yield. The objective of this study was to determine the intensity and duration of defoliation-refoliation of rubber clones FX 3864, IAN 710 and IAN 873 in the municipality of Tarazá and the FX 3864 and IAN 873 clones in the municipality of Nechí (northwestern Colombia). From October 2015 to June 2016, the measurements of the necromass were carried out in each location for each clone. The light environment was quantified, employing the hemispheric photographs technique to estimate canopy openness percentage (CO) and leaf area index. The assessed weeks were grouped by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the original phenology and climatic variables. The defoliation-refoliation process was analyzed descriptively using graphical representations of the trend for the phenological variables that best described this process. The relationship between climatic and phenological variables in the period evaluated was evidenced; the rainfall was the most critical climatic characteristic in the induction of the defoliation process. The leaf area index was reduced to a minimum value in February, with values of 0.52 for IAN 710 clone in Tarazá, and 0.64 for the IAN 873 clone in Nechí, which corresponded to the highest defoliation stage in both locations. The refoliation period was short (4 to 6 weeks) and occurred during the dry season for all the clones in both places.
El conocimiento del proceso de defoliación–refoliación en el cultivo del caucho permite desarrollar estrategias de manejo en el sistema productivo encaminadas a mejorar el rendimiento de caucho. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la intensidad y duración de la defoliación-refoliación de los clones de caucho FX 3864, IAN 710 e IAN 873 en el municipio de Tarazá y los clones FX 3864 e IAN 873 en Nechí, ubicados en el noroccidente de Colombia. Durante el período de defoliación-refoliación entre octubre de 2015 y junio de 2016, la recolección y cuantificación de necromasa se llevó a cabo en cada plantación y para cada clon. El ambiente lumínico se cuantificó empleando la técnica de fotografías hemisféricas para estimar el porcentaje de apertura del dosel (CO) y el índice de área foliar en el cultivo de caucho. Para agrupar las semanas de medición por los procesos fenológicos ocurridos, se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) basado en las variables de fenología y de clima. La evolución del proceso de defoliación-refoliación se analizó descriptivamente mediante representaciones gráficas de tendencia para las variables fenológicas que mejor describieron este proceso. Se evidenció la relación entre las variables climáticas y fenológicas en el período evaluado, siendo la lluvia, la característica climática más crítica en la inducción del proceso de defoliación. El índice de área foliar se redujo a un valor mínimo en febrero, con valores de 0.52 para el clon IAN 710 en Tarazá, y 0.64 para el clon IAN 873 en Nechí, que correspondió a la etapa de defoliación más alta en ambos lugares. La duración del período de refoliación fue corta (4 a 6 semanas) y se produjo durante la estación seca para todos los clones en ambos lugares.
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