Gas exchange efficiency in Cocoa – Spanish elm agroforestry system in the northwest Antioquia, Colombia
Eficiencia del intercambio gaseoso en un sistema agroforestal de Cacao – Olmo español en el noroeste de Antioquia, Colombia
Keywords:
Cacao, Cordia alliodora, Net photosynthesis, Stomatal conductance, Theobroma cacao, Transpiration. (en)Cacao, Cordia alliodora, Fotosíntesis neta, Conductividad estomática, Theobroma cacao, Transpiración (es)
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The cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under agroforestry systems, generates beneficial environmental conditions for cocoa crop physiology. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of shade trees (Spanish elm trees - Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken) planted along with cocoa (clone CCN51) under an agroforestry system on cocoa’s gas exchange parameters regarding the reduction of the light intensity over the cocoa-leaf canopy. The experiment was developed in the Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, located in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design for the cocoa planting distances from the first row of Spanish elm trees interfacing with the cocoa plantation (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). The statistical analysis was performed by estimating the area under the curve (AUC) of each variable, using the trapezoid equation of the statistical environment SAS® 9.4, an analysis of variances was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between treatments, and Tukey’s test at 5% probability was used to estimated statistical differences between means. There were significant differences in the treatments regarding the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E). The highest values of gas exchange parameters were found in the plants located 13 m from elm trees, while the lowest values were presented at 4 m. Plants at 7 m and 10 m always showed intermediate values for all gas exchange parameters. In the same sense, plants at 13 m had a higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) compared to plants at 4 m. The arboreal component modified the environmental conditions on cocoa trees regarding its distribution, generating a differential response to the physiological behavior of cocoa plants.
El cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) bajo sistemas agroforestales, genera condiciones ambientales beneficiosas para la fisiología de este cultivo. Se llevó a cabo un experimento para evaluar el efecto de los árboles de sombrío (árboles de olmo españoles - Cordia alliodora) plantados en asocio con cacao (clon CCN51) bajo un sistema agroforestal, para analizar los efectos de la intensidad de la luz que llega al dosel de la hoja de cacao sobre los parámetros de intercambio gaseoso. El experimento se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, ubicado en el municipio de San Roque (Antioquia). El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar para las distancias de plantación de cacao de la primera fila de olmos españoles en la intersección con la plantación de cacao (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). El análisis estadístico se realizó estimando el área bajo curva de cada variable (AUC), utilizando la ecuación trapezoidal por medio del entorno estadístico SAS® 9,4, para determinar diferencias significativas entre tratamientos se realizó un análisis de varianza, y se usó la prueba de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad para estimar diferencias entre medias. Hubo diferencias en los tratamientos con respecto a la tasa neta de fotosintética (A), la conductividad estomática (gs) y la transpiración (E). Los valores más altos de los parámetros de intercambio de gaseoso se encontraron en las plantas ubicadas a 13 m de los Olmos, mientras que los valores más bajos se presentaron en la posición de 4 m. Las plantas en posición 7 m y 10 m siempre presentaron valores intermedios para todos los parámetros de intercambio gaseoso. En el mismo sentido, las plantas en la posición de 13 m presentaron un mayor uso eficiente de la radiación (RUE) en comparación con las plantas en la posición de 4 m. El componente arbóreo modificó las condiciones ambientales sobre los árboles de cacao en relación con su distribución, generando una respuesta diferencial del comportamiento fisiológico de las plantas de cacao
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