Published

2022-01-01

Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review

Simbiosis de micorriza arbuscular en quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Una revisión sistemática

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754

Keywords:

Cultivar, Diversity, Microorganisms, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Plant physiology (en)
Cultivar, Diversidad, Fisiologia vegetal, Microorganismos, Nitrógeno, Fósforo (es)

Downloads

Authors

The crop of quinoa has gained relevance during the last decade in different parts of the world, due to its adaptability to difficult edaphic and climatic conditions and the great nutritional potential of its seeds. However, climate change scenarios are increasingly adverse, so the search for strategies that favor greater adaptability of quinoa to areas where other crops fail to adapt is a scientific priority. For this reason, a systematic review was carried out, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis methodology, with documents published on Scopus and Clarivate Web of Science databases. This methodology describes the diversity of fungi that favors symbiosis and the services offered by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the physiological activity of the quinoa plant, in addition to their interaction with the edaphic conditions, mainly related to nitrogen and phosphorus. The results identified a projection of interest in research related to the symbiosis between these two organisms, but a very limited advance in relation to the study that has been developed around the microbiological activity of quinoa in the soil.

El cultivo de quinua ha tomado relevancia durante la última década en diferentes partes del mundo, debido a su adaptabilidad a condiciones edafoclimáticas difíciles y el gran potencial nutricional con el que cuentan sus semillas. Sin embargo, los escenarios del cambio climático cada vez son más adversos, por lo que la búsqueda de estrategias que favorezcan una mayor adaptabilidad de la quinua a zonas donde otros cultivos no logran adaptarse, es la prioridad científica. Por esta razón, se realizó una revisión sistemática, utilizando la metodología de elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y meta análisis. Se describe inicialmente la diversidad de hongos que favorecen la simbiosis y los servicios que ofrecen los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en la actividad fisiológica de la planta de quinua, además de su interacción con las condiciones edáficas, principalmente relacionada con el nitrógeno y el fósforo. Los resultados identificaron una proyección de interés en la investigación relacionada con la simbiosis entre estos dos organismos pero un avance muy limitado en relación a estudio que se ha desarrollado en torno a la actividad microbiológica de la quinua en el suelo.

References

Alarcón A and Ferrera-Cerrato R. 1999. Manejo de la micorriza arbuscular en sistemas de propagación de plantas frutales. Terra Latinoamericana 17(3): 179-191.

Alvarez-Flores R, Winkel T, Nguyen-Thi-Truc A and Joffre R. 2014. Root foraging capacity depends on root system architecture and ontogeny in seedlings of three Andean Chenopodium species. Plant and Soil 380(1): 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2105-x

Bascuñán-Godoy L, Sanhueza C, Hernández CE, Cifuentes L, Pinto K, Álvarez R and González-Teuber M. 2018a. Nitrogen supply affects photosynthesis and photoprotective attributesduring DroughtInduced Senescence in Quinoa. Frontiers in Plant Science 9(994). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00994

Bascuñán-Godoy L, Sanhueza C, Pinto K, Cifuentes L, Reguera M, Briones V, Zurita-Silva A, Alvarez R and Silva, H. 2018b. Nitrogen physiology of contrasting genotypes of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Amaranthaceae). Scientific Reports 8: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34656-5

Bazile D, Bertero HD and Nieto C. 2014. Estado del arte de la quinua en el mundo 2013. FAO, Santiago de Chile and CIRAD, Montpellier, Francia. 724p.

Bazile D, Jacobsen SE and Verniau A. 2016. The global expansion of quinoa: Trends and Limits. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00622

Begum N, Qin C, Hanger M, Raza S, Khan MI, Ashraf M, Ahmed N and Zhang L. 2019. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth regulation: Implications in abiotic stress tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science 10(1068): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01068

Bender SF, Plantenga F, Neftel A, Jocher M, Oberholzer HR, Köhl L, Giles M, Daniell T and Van Der Heijden MGA. 2014. Symbiotic relationships between soil fungi and plants reduce N2O emissions from soil. ISME Journal 8(6): 1336-1345. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.224

Bosque-Sanchez H, Lemeur R, Van Damme P and Jacobsen SE. 2003. Ecophysiological analysis of drought and salinity stress of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International 19(1–2): 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-120018874

Buckland KR, Reeve JR, Creech JE and Durham SL. 2018. Managing soil fertility and health for quinoa production and weed control in organic systems. Soil & Tillage Research 184: 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.07.001

Cai Z, Wang X, Bhadra S and Gao Q. 2020. Distinct factors drive the assembly of quinoa-associated microbiomes along elevation. Plant and Soil 448: 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04387-1

Camarena-Gutierrez G. 2012. Interaccion planta-hongos micorrizicos arbusculares. Revista Chapingo, Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 18(3): 409-421. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2011.11.093

Chaudhry M, Batool Z and Khan G. 2005. Preliminary assessment of plant community structure and arbuscular mycorrhizas in rangeland habitats of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Mycorrhiza 15: 606-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0002-0

Choukr-Allah R, Rao NK, Hirich A, Shahid M, Alshankiti A, Toderich K, Gill S and Butt K. 2016. Quinoa for marginal environments: Toward future food and nutritional security in MENA and central Asia regions. Frontiers in Plant Science 7(346). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00346

Chunhua P, Shifang Y, Yongqing Z, Yanhong H, Xiao H and Yang Y. 2017. Effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of quinoa under different phosphorus levels. Crop 33(6): 131-139. https://doi.org/10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2017.06.022

Escobar A and Zartha JW. 2017. Application of the technology life cycle and S-curves to the “Brain Drain” area of knowledge. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 10(43): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i43/116247

Fonseca-López D, Quila-Vivas N and Balaguera-López HE. 2020. Técnicas aplicadas en la investigación agrícola para cuantificar la fijación de nitrógeno: una revisión sistemática. Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 21(e1342): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol21_num1_art:1342

García-Parra MÁ and Plazas-Leguizamón NZ. 2019. Análisis del ciclo de vida de las publicaciones sobre la producción de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), a través de curvas en S. Revista de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación 9(2): 379-391. https://doi.org/10.19053/20278306.v9.n2.2019.9189

García-Parra M, Roa-Acosta D, Stechauner-Rohringer R, García-Molano JF, Bazile D and Plazas-Leguizamón N. 2020b. Effect of temperature on the growth and development of quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A review on a global scale. Sylwan 164(5): 411-433.

García-Parra M, Zurita-Silva A, Stechauner-Rohringer R, Roa-Acosta D and Jacobsen SE. 2020b. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its relationship with agroclimatic characteristics: A Colombian perspective. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 80(2): 290-302. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392020000200290

García-Parra M, García-Molano J and Deaquiz-Oyola Y. 2019. Physiological performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under agricultural climatic conditions in Boyaca, Colombia. Agronomía Colombiana 37(2): 160-168. https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v37n2.76219

González JA, Gallardo M, Hilal M, Rosa M and Prado FE. 2009. Physiological responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to drought and waterlogging stresses: dry matter partitioning. Botanical Studies 50: 35-42.

Harrison MJ, Dewbre GR and Liu J. 2002. A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The Plant Cell 14(10): 2413-2429. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.004861

Isobe K, Aizawa E, Iguchi Y and Ishii R. 2007. Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in upland field soil of Japan 1. Relationship between spore density and the soil environmental factor. Plant Production Science 10(1): 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.10.122

Jaikishun S, Li W, Yang Z and Song S. 2019. Quinoa : In perspective of global challenges. Agronomy 9(4): 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040176

Janouskova M, Krak K, Vosatka M, Puschel D and Storchova H. 2017. Inoculation effects on root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities spread beyond directly inoculated plants. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0181525. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181525

Kellogg JA, Reganold JP, Murphy KM and Carpenter-Boggs LA. 2021. A Plant-Fungus Bioassay Supports the Classification of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as Inconsistently Mycorrhizal. Microbial Ecology 82: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-021-01710-1

Keymer A, Pimprikar P, Wewer V, Huber C, Brands M, Bucerius SL, Delaux P, Klingl V, Röpenack-Lahaye E, Wang T, Eisenreich V, Dörmann P, Parniske M and Gutjahr C. 2017. Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. eLIFE 6(e29107): 1-33. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29107

Kobae Y. 2019. Dynamic phosphate uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots under field conditions. Frontiers in Environmental Science 6(159): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00159

Kobae Y and Hata S. 2010. Dynamics of periarbuscular membranes visualized with a fluorescent phosphate transporter in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 51(3): 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq013

Kobae Y, Ohmori Y, Saito C, Yano K, Ohtomo R and Fujiwara T. 2016. Phosphate treatment strongly inhibits new arbuscule development but not the maintenance of arbuscule in mycorrhizal rice roots. Plant Physiology 171(1): 566-579. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00127

Landinez-Torres A, Panelli S, Picco AM, Comandatore F, Tosi S and Capelli E. 2019. A meta-barcoding analysis of soil mycobiota of the upper Andean Colombian agro-environment. Scientific Reports 9: 10085. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46485-1

Larcher W. 2003. Physiological plant ecology: Ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups. Springer Science & Business Media.

Liu W, Zhang Y, Jiang S, Deng Y, Christie P, Murray PJ, Li X and Zhang J. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil and roots respond differently to phosphorus inputs in an intensively managed calcareous agricultural soil. Scientific Reports 6(24902): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24902

Marschner P. 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Third Edition. Australia. 672p. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63043-9

Murphy K and Matanguihan J. 2015. Quinoa: improvement and sustainable production (I. Jhon Wiley & Sons, ed.). New Jersey. 258p. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041

Nanjareddy K, Arthikala MK, Gómez BM, Blanco L and Lara M. 2017. Differentially expressed genes in mycorrhized and nodulated roots of common bean are associated with defense, cell wall architecture, N metabolism, and P metabolism. PLoS ONE 12(8): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182328

Panelli S, Capelli E, Comandatore F, Landinez-Torres A, Granata MU, Tosi S and Picco AM. 2017. A metagenomic-based, cross-seasonal picture of fungal consortia associated with Italian soils subjected to different agricultural managements. Fungal Ecology 30: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2017.07.005

Pedone-Bonfim MVL, Alves da Silva D, Maia LC and Yano-Melo AM. 2018. Mycorrhizal benefits on native plants of the Caatinga, a Brazilian dry tropical forest. Symbiosis 74: 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-017-0510-7

Rashid MI, Mujawar LH, Shahzad T, Almeelbi T, Ismail IMI and Oves M. 2016. Bacteria and fungi can contribute to nutrients bioavailability and aggregate formation in degraded soils. Microbiological Research 183: 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.007

Reguera M, Conesa CM, Gil-Gómez A, Haros CM, PérezCasas MÁ, Briones-Labarca V, Bolaños L, Bonilla I, Álvarez R, Pinto K, Mujica A and Bascuñán-Godoy L. 2018. The impact of different agroecological conditions on the nutritional composition of quinoa seeds. PeerJ – Life and Environment 14(6): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4442

Renaut S, Daoud R, Masse J, Vialle A and Hijri M. 2020. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis does not alter arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure within the roots of corn, wheat, and soybean crops. Microorganisms 8(1): 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010083

Rillig MC and Mummey DL. 2006. Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytologist 171(1): 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01750.x

Ruiz KB, Biondi S, Oses R, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Antognoni F, Martinez-Mosqueira EA, Coulibaly A, Canahua-Murillo A, Pinto M, Zurita-Silva A, Bazile D, Jacobsen SE and Molina-Montenegro, M. A. 2014. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34(2): 349-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0

Rydlová J and Vosfitka M. 2001. Association of dominant plant species with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during vegetation development on coal mine spoil brank. Folia Geobotanica 36: 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803141

Shen J, Yuan L, Zhang J, Li H, Bai Z, Chen X, Zhang W and Zhang F. (2011). Phosphorus dynamics: From soil to plant. Plant Physiology 156(3): 997-1005. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.175232

Soudzilovskaia NA, Van Bodegom PM, Terrer C, Zelfde M, McCallum I, Luke-McCormack M, Fisher J, Brundrett M, Cesar de Sa N and Tedersoo L. 2019. Global mycorrhizal plant distribution linked to terrestrial carbon stocks. Nature Communications 10(5077): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13019-2

Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2006. Fisiología vegetal. Universitat Jaume. 656p.

Teste F, Jones MD and Dickie IA. 2020. Dual-mycorrhizal plants: their ecology and relevance. New Phytologist 225: 1835-1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16190

Trouvelot S, Bonneau L, Redecker D, Tuinen D, Van Adrian M and Wipf D. 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in viticulture: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35: 1449-1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0329-7

Urcelay C, Acho J and Joffre R. 2011. Fungal root symbionts and their relationship with fine root proportion in native plants from the Bolivian Andean highlands above 3,700 m elevation. Mycorrhiza 21: 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0339-x

Urrútia G and Bonfill X. 2010. Declaración de PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Medicina Clinica 135(11): 507-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.01.015

USDA. 2016. Breeding and agronomy of quinoa for organic farming system. In: https://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1010611-breeding-and-agronomy-of-quinoa-fororganic-farming-systems.html

Vestberg M, Palojärvi A, Pitkänen T, Kaipainen S, Puolakka E and Keskitalo M. 2012. Neutral lipid fatty acid analysis is a sensitive marker for quantitative estimation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soil with crops of different mycotrophy. Agricultural and Food Science 21(1): 12-27. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.4996

Vierheilig H. 2004. Further root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in already mycorrhizal plants is suppressed after a critical level of root colonization. Journal of Plant Physiology 161: 339-341. https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-01097

Wieme RA, Reganold JP, Crowder DW, Murphy KM and Carpenter-Boggs LA. 2020. Productivity and soil quality of organic forage, quinoa, and grain cropping systems in the dryland Pacific Northwest, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 293: 106838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106838

Yactayo-Chang JP, Tang HV, Mendoza J, Christensen SA and Block AK. 2020. Plant defense chemicals against insect pests. Agronomy 10(1156): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081156

Yepes S, Martínez M, Restrepo S, Palacio JC, Ríos AF and Zartha JW. 2018. Technological Surveillance and technology life cycle analysis - application in food drying. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 13(10): 7273-7288.

How to Cite

APA

Garcia-Parra, M. A., Cuellar-Rodríguez, L. A. & Balaguera López, H. E. (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 75(1), 9853–9865. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754

ACM

[1]
Garcia-Parra, M.A., Cuellar-Rodríguez, L.A. and Balaguera López, H.E. 2022. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. 75, 1 (Jan. 2022), 9853–9865. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754.

ACS

(1)
Garcia-Parra, M. A.; Cuellar-Rodríguez, L. A.; Balaguera López, H. E. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín 2022, 75, 9853-9865.

ABNT

GARCIA-PARRA, M. A.; CUELLAR-RODRÍGUEZ, L. A.; BALAGUERA LÓPEZ, H. E. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, [S. l.], v. 75, n. 1, p. 9853–9865, 2022. DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/95754. Acesso em: 16 mar. 2026.

Chicago

Garcia-Parra, Miguel Angel, Luz Angela Cuellar-Rodríguez, and Helber Enrique Balaguera López. 2022. “Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review”. Revista Facultad Nacional De Agronomía Medellín 75 (1):9853-65. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754.

Harvard

Garcia-Parra, M. A., Cuellar-Rodríguez, L. A. and Balaguera López, H. E. (2022) “Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review”, Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 75(1), pp. 9853–9865. doi: 10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754.

IEEE

[1]
M. A. Garcia-Parra, L. A. Cuellar-Rodríguez, and H. E. Balaguera López, “Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review”, Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 9853–9865, Jan. 2022.

MLA

Garcia-Parra, M. A., L. A. Cuellar-Rodríguez, and H. E. Balaguera López. “Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, vol. 75, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 9853-65, doi:10.15446/rfnam.v75n1.95754.

Turabian

Garcia-Parra, Miguel Angel, Luz Angela Cuellar-Rodríguez, and Helber Enrique Balaguera López. “Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 9853–9865. Accessed March 16, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/95754.

Vancouver

1.
Garcia-Parra MA, Cuellar-Rodríguez LA, Balaguera López HE. Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A systematic review. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 1 [cited 2026 Mar. 16];75(1):9853-65. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/95754

Download Citation

CrossRef Cited-by

CrossRef citations5

1. Wissal Benaffari, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Mohamed Anli, Nizar Nasri, Abdelilah Meddich. (2023). Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone or combined with different composts to improve physiological and biochemical attributes related to drought stress tolerance in quinoa. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23(3), p.4250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01345-w.

2. Jeimmi Liliana Amado-Rodríguez, Narda Paola Humeje-Pan, Jorge Orlando Blanco-Valvuena, Nidia Yaneth Torres-Merchán, Miguel Angel García-Parra. (2022). Effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on the phenology of the Amarilla maranganí quinoa cultivar. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 16(1) https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2022v16i1.13440.

3. Ambika Chauhan, Mankeet Kaur, Meenakshi Singh, Pradeep Kumar Singh. (2025). Common mycorrhizal networks enhance growth and nutrient uptake in non-mycorrhizal Chenopodium album via Parthenium hysterophorus . Letters in Applied Microbiology, 78(2) https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovaf009.

4. Ramiro Andrés Colmenares‐Cruz, Nubia Zoraida Plazas‐Leguizamón, Luis Alejandro Arias‐Rodríguez, Nidia Milena Moreno‐López, Andrea Isabel Barrera‐Siabato, Jorge Armando Fonseca‐Carreño. (2025). Analysis of Potentials and Limitations of Safe Drinking Water in Rural Systems: A Colombian Perspective. Land Degradation & Development, 36(4), p.1067. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5426.

5. Toubali Salma, Anli Mohamed, Boutasknit Abderrahim, Ben-Laouane Raja, Benaffari Wissal, Ben Ahmed Hela, Abdelilah Meddich. (2023). Combined Use of Mycorrhizae and Green Compost for Reducing the Deleterious Effects of Salt Stress in Two Genotypes of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23(1), p.1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-01118-x.

Dimensions

PlumX

Article abstract page views

1126

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.