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Chemical and structural changes of ocote pine (Pinus oocarpa) wood caused by thermal modification
Cambios químicos y estructurales de la madera de pino ocote (Pinus oocarpa) causados por la modificación térmica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v75n2.97576Keywords:
Anatomical wood , Chemical wood composition, Heat treatment , Heat treatment; chemical wood composition; anatomical wood; wood modification. (en)Madera anatómica , Composición química de la madera , Tratamiento térmico , Modificación de madera (es)
Thermal modifications alter the physical properties and improve the natural durability of wood without using chemical impregnation processes being an environmentally friendly alternative; these improvements could be made due to changes in the internal wood structure. In this investigation, changes caused to the chemical composition and microstructure of wood Pinus oocarpa by thermal modification at 170 and 190 °C were evaluated. The thermal treatment was carried out in a prototype chamber operated during the modification steps under a steam atmosphere, with a continuous flow without pressure. The evaluation of chemical changes was performed following the TAPPI standards. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy, the wood microstructure was characterized. The results showed a decrease in holocellulose contents by 7% at 170 °C and by 9% at 190 °C; lignin contents increased at 170 °C (6%) and at 190 °C (8%) and extractives were increased by 8% (170 °C) and 13% (190 °C); the changes obtained by the spectra were related to the C-H deformation in cellulose and hemicelluloses and the complex bonds of lignin carbohydrates of the -CH3 (lignin) and CH2 (carbohydrates) groups and organic acids released during thermal modification. Thickness of tracheid walls decreased in earlywood 8% (170 °C) and 22% (190 °C) and in latewood 11% (170 °C) and 14% (190 °C); lumen diameters increased in earlywood to 170 °C (14%) and 190 °C (48%) and in latewood in 14% (170 °C) an in 20% (190 °C). At 190 °C, the cell alterations were higher. Pinus oocarpa was thermally modified at 170 °C showing better wood quality in its internal structure.
La modificación térmica aumenta las propiedades físicas y durabilidad natural de la madera sin adición de procesos químicos de impregnación, siendo amigable con el ambiente; dichas mejoras se deben a los cambios ocasionados en la estructura interna de la madera. Por ello, la presente investigación evaluó los cambios sobre la composición química y microestructura de la madera de Pinus oocarpa por la modificación térmica a 170 °C y 190 °C realizada en un cámara prototipo que funciona durante los pasos de modificación bajo una atmósfera de vapor de agua, con un flujo continuo de corriente sin presión. La evaluación de los cambios químicos se realizó bajo las normas TAPPI. Los cambios microestructurales fueron evaluados usando Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) y microscopia óptica. Los resultados mostraron disminución de los contenidos de holocelulosa en 7% (170 °C) y 9% (190 °C); los contenidos de lignina aumentaron para 170 °C (6%) y a 190 °C (8%) y los extractos aumentaron un 8% (170 °C) y 13% (190 °C). Los cambios presentados en los espectros se relacionaron con la degradación C-H en celulosa y hemicelulosas y los enlaces complejos de lignina y carbohidratos de los grupos -CH3 (lignina), CH2 (carbohidratos) y los ácidos orgánicos liberados durante la modificación térmica. El espesor de las paredes de las traqueidas disminuyó en madera temprana 8% (170 °C) y 22% (190 °C) y en la madera tardía 11% (170 °C) y 14% (190 °C); los diámetros de los lúmenes aumentaron en la madera temprana a 170 °C (14%) y a 190 °C (48%) y en la madera tardía en 14% (170 °C) y en 20% (190 °C). A una temperatura de 190 °C fueron mayores las alteraciones celulares. El tratamiento a 170 °C mostró una madera de Pinus oocarpa de mejor calidad en su estructura interna.
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Copyright (c) 2022 Jhon Fredy Herrera Builes, Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz, Rubén Andrés Ananías Abuter, VICTOR ANDRES SEPULVEDA VILLARROEL
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