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Evaluación comportamental y adaptativa de vacas en lactancia Costeño con Cuernos y Gyrolando bajo condiciones de bosque seco tropical (Colombia)
Behavioral and adaptive evaluation of lactating Costeño con Cuernos and Gyrolando cows under tropical dry forest conditions (Colombia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v72n3.121043Keywords:
bienestar animal, adaptación, estrés por calor, microclima (es)animal wellfare, adaptation, heat stress, microclimate (en)
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El estrés por calor es uno de los desafíos para la producción bovina en regiones tropicales, afectando el bienestar animal y la eficiencia productiva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento de bovinos de las razas Costeño con Cuernos (CCC) y Gyrolando en condiciones de bosque seco tropical en Colombia, evaluando su respuesta comportamental ante diferentes rangos horarios y condiciones microclimáticas. La investigación se realizó en un sistema silvopastoril del centro de investigación Motilonia de Agrosavia a una altitud de 106 m s. n. m. con temperatura promedio multianual de 29,4 °C y humedad relativa promedio del 70%. Se observaron 12 vacas en lactancia (6 CCC y 6 Gyrolando) durante los meses de julio a septiembre de 2023, registrando 20 variables comportamentales e indicadores bioclimáticos como índice temperatura-humedad. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis factorial de múltiples correspondencias y clasificación jerárquica. Los resultados revelaron dos clústeres de comportamiento: clúster 1 (condiciones climáticas adversas) agrupó animales más activos durante las horas de mayor calor (12:00–14:00), con mayor pastoreo y menor descanso. Este grupo estuvo compuesto principalmente por la raza CCC. El clúster 2 (condiciones climáticas moderadas) presentó mayor rumia echado, descanso en sombra y menor actividad general, predominando la raza Gyrolando. Se concluye que la raza criolla CCC muestra actividades comportamentales más adaptativas en ambientes calurosos, lo que podría reforzar su valor en sistemas ganaderos sostenibles. La integración de herramientas multivariantes y monitoreo ambiental permite identificar estrategias de manejo orientadas al bienestar animal y la productividad bajo condiciones climáticas extremas.
Heat stress is one of the main challenges for cattle production in tropical regions, as it affects both animal welfare and productive efficiency. This study aimed to characterize the behavior of Costeño con Cuernos (CCC) and Gyrolando cattle under tropical dry forest conditions in Colombia, assessing their behavioral responses across different time periods and microclimatic conditions. The research was conducted in a silvopastoral system at the Motilonia Research Center of Agrosavia, located at an altitude of 106 m a.s.l., with a multiyear average temperature of 29.4 °C and an average relative humidity of 70%. Twelve lactating cows (six CCC and six Gyrolando) were observed from July to September 2023, and 20 behavioral variables, along with bioclimatic indicators such as the temperature–humidity index, were recorded. Data were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering. Results revealed two behavioral clusters: Cluster 1 (adverse climatic conditions) grouped animals that were more active during the hottest hours (12:00-14:00), with increased grazing activity and reduced resting behavior. This cluster consisted mainly of CCC cows. Cluster 2 (moderate climatic conditions) was characterized by predominant lying rumination, shaded resting, and lower overall activity, primarily involving Gyrolando cows. It is concluded that the native CCC breed exhibits more adaptive behavioral patterns under hot environmental conditions, underscoring its potential value for sustainable cattle production systems. The integration of multivariate tools and environmental monitoring allows the identification of management strategies aimed at improving animal welfare and productivity under extreme climatic conditions.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Sandra Carolina Perdomo Ayola, Jhon Jacobo Cañas Álvarez, Enoc Paternina Díaz, Guillermo Antonio Garay Oyola, Alcides Gabriel Montiel Vargas
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