Impacto ecológico del insecticida fipronil: valoración de riesgos en humanos
Ecological impact of fipronil insecticide: risk assessment in humans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v70n1.100631Keywords:
aves, Colombia, fipronil, invertebrados terrestres, mamíferos, pesticida (es)fipronil, Colombia, pesticide, terrestrial invertebrates, mammals, birds (en)
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El fipronil es uno de los pesticidas más importantes usados en agricultura y animales domésticos. A concentraciones muy bajas para el control de especies destino, también es tóxico para especies no destino, incluyendo a las abejas y numerosos macroinvertebrados acuáticos y terrestres. Estudios de laboratorio y campo han demostrado que tanto el fipronil, como sus productos de degradación, a concentraciones medioambientales observadas son suficientes para poner en peligro numerosos taxones de la comunidad acuática, incluidos los peces. En esta revisión se describen estudios de ecotoxicología cuyo impacto en especies no destino ha sido clave para que la Unión Europea prohibiese el fipronil para uso agrícola en 2013 y Estados Unidos lo haya restringido en muchos cultivos y actualmente lo esté revisando para renovar los distintos registros. En Colombia se siguen registrando al menos 60 productos a base de fipronil y desde agosto de 2021 se prohíbe su uso en plantaciones de aguacate, café, cítricos y pasifloras. En 2017, a raíz de la contaminación de huevos con fipronil en Europa, la Agencia Europea para la Seguridad de Alimentos publicó varios estudios sobre el riesgo para la salud humana que podía tener el consumo de huevos y carne de pollos con residuos de fipronil. La conclusión fue que la ingesta de fipronil a las concentraciones detectadas en huevos y carne no superaba niveles esperados que produjesen efectos adversos para la salud.
Fipronil is one of the most important pesticides used in agriculture and domestic animals. At very low concentrations used for controlling target species, it is also toxic to non-target species including bees and numerous aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrates. Laboratory and field studies have shown that both fipronil, and its degradation products, at relevant environmental concentrations are sufficient to endanger numerous taxa in the aquatic community, including fish. In this review, ecotoxicology studies are described that show significant impact on non-target species that have been instrumental to ban fipronil for agriculture in the European Union since 2013 and restricting many uses in the United States. In Colombia, at least 60 fipronil-based products continue to be registered and since August 2021 its use has been prohibited in avocado, coffee, citrus and ornamental flower plantations. In 2017, following the widespread contamination of eggs with fipronil across Europe, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conducted several risk assessments for the consumption of eggs and chicken meat contaminated with fipronil residues. The conclusion was that the consumption of fipronil at the concentrations detected in eggs and meat did not exceed levels expected to pose health hazard for humans.
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